Significance and Distribution of Herbicide Resistance

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodie S. Holt ◽  
Homer M. Lebaron
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
The United Kingdom

Herbicide-resistant weed species have become widespread in recent years. Fifty-five weed species, including 40 dicots and 15 grasses, are known to have biotypes resistant to the triazine herbicides. One or more resistant species have arisen in 31 states of the United States, four provinces of Canada, 18 countries in Europe, and Israel, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Resistance to other classes of herbicides is more restricted in distribution and recent in detection but is becoming more widespread. Trifluralin resistance has spread in the southeastern United States and has been detected in Canada, while 11 species with biotypes resistant to paraquat have been reported around the world. Diclofop-methyl-resistant weed species are problems in cereal production in Australia and have been found in Oregon, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Resistance to the substituted ureas also is present in the United Kingdom, West Germany, and Hungary. Within the last 2 yr, biotypes of at least four weed species resistant to the sulfonylurea herbicides have arisen following several annual applications of these herbicides in wheat. Some resistant biotypes have multiple resistance to different classes of herbicides, which greatly exacerbates the threat of resistance. Herbicide resistance has reached the level where more concerted efforts are needed in research, education, and development of effective management strategies to preserve herbicides as essential tools of agricultural technology.

Marketing Negotiations in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States

1988 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel C. G. Campbell ◽  
John L. Graham ◽  
Alain Jolibert ◽  
Hans Gunther Meissner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Laboratory Simulation ◽  
The United Kingdom

The determinants of marketing negotiations in four cultures are investigated in a laboratory simulation. One hundred thirty-eight businesspeople from the United States, 48 from France, 44 from West Germany, and 44 from the United Kingdom participated in two-person, buyer-seller negotiation simulations. The American process of negotiation is found to be different from that of the Europeans in several respects.

Utilization of Health Care Coalitions and Resiliency Forums in the United States and United Kingdom: Different Approaches to Strengthen Emergency Preparedness

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Walsh ◽  
Allan Graeme Swan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Care Systems

ABSTRACTThe process for developing national emergency management strategies for both the United States and the United Kingdom has led to the formulation of differing approaches to meet similar desired outcomes. Historically, the pathways for each are the result of the enactment of legislation in response to a significant event or a series of events. The resulting laws attempt to revise practices and policies leading to more effective and efficient management in preparing, responding, and mitigating all types of natural, manmade, and technological hazards. Following the turn of the 21st century, each country has experienced significant advancements in emergency management including the formation and utilization of 2 distinct models: health care coalitions in the United States and resiliency forums in the United Kingdom. Both models have evolved from circumstances and governance unique to each country. Further in-depth study of both approaches will identify strengths, weaknesses, and existing gaps to meet continued and future challenges of our respective disaster health care systems. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:161–164)

Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization

1961 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-514 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Director General ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Soviet Union

The second session of the Assembly of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) was held in London from April 5–14, 1961. Mr. W. L. de Vries, Director-General of Shipping in the Netherlands Ministry of Transport, was elected President of the session and Mr. Ove Nielson, Secretary-General of IMCO, acted as secretary. The Assembly elected Argentina, Australia, India, and the Soviet Union to fill out the sixteen-member Council on which Belgium, Canada, France, West Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States were already represented. The Assembly: 1) established a Credentials Committee consisting of Canada, Japan, Liberia, Poland, and Turkey; 2) adopted a budget for 1962–1963 of $892,-350; 3) approved Mauritania's application for membership by a two-thirds vote following the rule that non-members of the United Nations had to be approved by such a vote after recommendation by the Council; and 4) in view of the advisory opinion of June 8, 1960, of the International Court of Justice to the effect that the Maritime Safety Committee was improperly constituted, dissolved the committee and elected Argentina, Canada, France, West Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Liberia, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States to the reconstituted committee. The Assembly during its second session also approved an expanded work program submitted by the IMCO Council including new duties connected with international travel and transport, with special reference to the simplification of ship's papers. The Assembly asked IMCO to study the arrangements for the maintenance of certain light beacons used for navigation at the southern end of the Red Sea which were being maintained by the United Kingdom with the help of the Netherlands. Also under consideration was a new convention on the safety of life at sea submitted to the Assembly by a Conference on Safety of Life at Sea and containing a number of recommendations to IMCO on studies relating to such matters as ship construction, navigation, and other technical subjects on safety at sea. The Assembly decided that in conjunction with United Nations programs of technical cooperation the UN should be informed that IMCO was in a position to provide advice and guidance on technical matters affecting shipping engaged in international trade.

Conflict Resolution in Southern Africa: Why Namibia is not Another Zimbabwe

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
David F. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
South African ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The U.S

Despite continued American insistence that a negotiating impasse had not been reached, by the final months of 1982 it seemed clear that internationally-recognized independence for Namibia would not soon be achieved. While Washington claimed that negotiations between South Africa, Angola, and the Southwest African Peoples Organization (SWAPO) (with the U.S. as mediator) remain meaningful, there appears to have been a decisive move away from settlement. The latest round of negotiations, spearheaded by the United States as the leading element of the Western Contact Group (the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, and Canada), has attempted to move South African-controlled Namibia to independence on the basis of Security Council Resolution 435 of September 1978.

The Redistributive Effect of Direct Taxes: A Comparison of Six LIS Countries

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Bishop ◽  
K. Victor Chow ◽  
John P. Formby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Redistributive Effects ◽  
Redistributive Effect

The Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) is used to investigate the redistributive effects of direct taxes in six countries, Australia, Canada, Sweden, West Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom. Two periods are considered and comparisons are made among countries at different points in time and within countries across time. Lorenz curves are adapted and used to make ordinal comparisons of two very general measures of tax progressivity- so called “residual” and “liability” progression. Newly developed statistical inference procedures allow us to take the sampling variability inherent in the LIS data into account.

Chapter I. The Economy in 1979

1980 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 8-26
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Other ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

The United Kingdom economy remained almost stagnant in 1979 with GDP being only 0.6 per cent higher than in 1978. Not only is this a dismal end to a generally depressed period of seven years but the outlook for the beginning of the 1980s is even worse, as we discuss in chapter II on the home economy. In comparison with the United States, Japan, West Germany, France and the OECD countries as a whole the UK performance has been slow, as is clear from chart I. However if similar comparisons with the other countries had been made in 1969 or 1959 the UK performance would also have been seen to be relatively slow. This picture of a stagnant aggregate economy in 1979 covers up an underlying picture of considerable fluctuation in the components of the economy.

The Drug Lag Issue: The Debate Seen from an International Perspective

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Andersson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
West Germany ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Drug Lag

This article reviews the literature related to the “drug lag” issue, i.e., the issue of whether important new drugs are introduced relatively late, or, in certain cases, are introduced at all, in a particular country. The literature can be divided into two main parts: studies primarily related to the delay in introduction of new drugs and studies primarily related to the number of introduced new drugs. Most studies have found the United States, Sweden, and Norway to have a long delay in the introduction of new drugs. The United Kingdom and (West) Germany in general have the shortest delay. There are also large differences in the number of introduced new drugs. In most studies, the United States and Norway have introduced far fewer new drugs than any other industrialized country. In general (West) Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy have introduced the largest number of new drugs. One of the reviewed studies presented a relationship between regulatory processing time and delay in introduction. Another study found an increasing influence of regulatory stringency on the number of introduced new drugs in a country. If a country's aim is to decrease the delay in introduction and/or to increase the introduction of important new drugs, a review of the local regulatory agencies and the regulations seems worthwhile.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 14-25
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fourth Quarter ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World

The growth of world industrial production slowed down in the fourth quarter of last year and in spite of relatively mild weather in Western Europe there must have been an actual fall in the first quarter of 1967. The change of trend has been most marked in West Germany, but also has affected a number of other countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom.

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