scholarly journals Pacific islands which escaped the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic and their subsequent mortality experiences

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. SHANKS ◽  
J. F. BRUNDAGE
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Dichotomous Outcomes

SUMMARYVery few Pacific islands escaped the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic. Subsequent influenza epidemics in the established colonial outposts of American Samoa and New Caledonia infected many but killed very few persons whereas the extraordinarily isolated Niue, Rotuma, Jaliut and Yule islands experienced high mortality influenza epidemics (>3% of population) following 1918. These dichotomous outcomes indicate that previous influenza exposure and degree of epidemiological isolation were important mortality risk factors during influenza epidemics on Pacific islands.

The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands

Itinerario ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The United States ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Caroline Islands ◽  
Foreign Control

At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.

scholarly journals On the Analysis of Mortality Risk Factors for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: a Data-driven Study Using the Major Brazilian Database

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Sumika Hojo Souza ◽  
Natália Satchiko Hojo-Souza ◽  
Ben Dêivide de Oliveira Batista ◽  
Cristiano Maciel da Silva ◽  
Daniel Ludovico Guidoni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Disease Outcome

Background: Brazil became the epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic in a brief period of a few months after the first officially registered case. The knowledge of the epidemiological/clinical profile and the risk factors of Brazilian COVID-19 patients can assist in the decision making of physicians in the implementation of early and most appropriate measures for poor prognosis patients. However, these reports are missing. Here we present a comprehensive study that addresses this demand. Methods: This data-driven study was based on the Brazilian Ministry of Health Database (SIVEP-Gripe, 2020) regarding notified cases of hospitalized COVID-19 patients during the period from February 26 to August 10, 2020. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, comorbidities and other additional information of patients were analyzed. Results: The hospitalization rate was higher for male gender (56.56%) and for older age patients of both sexes. Overall, the mortality rate was quite high (41.28%) among hospitalized patients, especially those over 60 years of age. Most prevalent symptoms were cough, dyspnoea, fever, low oxygen saturation and respiratory distress. Heart disease, diabetes, obesity, kidney disease, neurological disease, and pneumopathy were the most prevalent comorbidities. A high prevalence of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with heart disease (65.7%) and diabetes (53.55%) and with a high mortality rate of around 50% was observed. The ICU admission rate was 39.37% and of these 62.4% died. 24.4% of patients required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), with high mortality among them (82.98%). The main mortality risk predictors were older age and IMV requirement. In addition, socioeconomic conditions have been shown to significantly influence the disease outcome, regardless of age and comorbidities. Conclusion: Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the hospitalized Brazilian COVID-19 patients profile and the mortality risk factors. The analysis also evidenced that the disease outcome is influenced by multiple factors, as unequally affects different segments of population.

Spodoptera litura. [Distribution map].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
Distribution Map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Lepidoptera: Noctuidae. Attacks rice, peanut, cabbage, tobacco, strawberry, sugarbeet. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia, Afghanistan, Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Shandong, Zhejiang, Christmas Island, Cocos-Keeling Islands, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, West Malaysia, Maldive Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Islands, Ogaswara-shoto, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia, Caroline Islands, Fiji, Henderson Island, Irian Jaya, Kermadec Islands, Krirbati, Line Islands, Loyalty Islands, Mariana Islands, Marquesas Islands, Marshall Islands, Midway Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, Phoenix Islands, Pitcairn Island, Rotuma, American Samoa, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, tongo, Tuamotu, Tubuai Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wake Island, Wallis Islands.

Helicoverpa assulta. [Distribution map].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Helicoverpa Assulta

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (cape gooseberry budworm, oriental tobacco budworm). Attacks Physalis, tobacco, tomato and other solanaceous plants. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Aldabra Islands, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoro Islands, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Asia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, China, Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Christmas Island, Cocos-Keeling Islands, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Tanimbar Island, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, West Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Australasia and Pacific islands, Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Fiji, Gambier Islands, Mariana Islands, New Britain, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Tubuai Islands, Vanuatu, West Irian.

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Prognosis, and Evolution of Management of Septic Shock in a French Intensive Care Unit: A Five Years Survey

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Boussekey ◽  
Juliette Cantrel ◽  
Lise Dorchin Debrabant ◽  
Joachim Langlois ◽  
Patick Devos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Septic Shock ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Simplify Acute Physiology Score ◽  
Chronic Alcoholism ◽  
New Approach

Purpose. To evaluate the epidemiology, prognosis, and management of septic shock patients hospitalized in our intensive care unit (ICU).Materiel and Methods. Five-year monocenter observational study including 320 patients.Results. ICU mortality was 54.4%. Independent mortality risk factors were mechanical ventilation (), Simplify Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II > 60 (), chronic alcoholism (), age >65 years (), prothrombin ratio <40% (), and ratio <150 (). These six mortality risk factors recovered allow screening immediately septic shock patients with a high mortality risk. Morbidity improved with time (diminution of septic shock complications, increase of the number of days alive free from mechanical ventilation and vasopressors on day 28), concomitant to an evolution of the management (earlier institution of all replacement and medical therapies and more initial volume expansion). There was no difference in mortality.Conclusion. Our study confirms a high mortality rate in septic shock patients despite a new approach of treatment.

scholarly journals Case fatality risk of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Deng ◽  
Juan Yang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xiling Wang ◽  
Jiaxin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Right Censoring ◽  
Fatality Risk ◽  
Critical Patients ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Case Fatality Risk

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) imposed a substantial health burden in mainland China and remains a global epidemic threat. Our objectives are to assess the case fatality risk (CFR) among COVID-19 patients detected in mainland China, stratified by clinical category and age group.MethodsWe collected individual information on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases from publicly available official sources from December 29, 2019 to February 23, 2020. We explored the risk factors associated with mortality. We used methods accounting for right-censoring and survival analyses to estimate the CFR among detected cases.ResultsOf 12,863 cases reported outside Hubei, we obtained individual records for 9,651 cases, including 62 deaths and 1,449 discharged cases. The deceased were significantly older than discharged cases (median age: 77 vs 39 years, p<0.001). 58% (36/62) were male. Older age (OR 1.18 per year; 95%CI: 1.14 to 1.22), being male (OR 2.02; 95%CI: 1.02 to 4.03), and being treated in less developed economic regions (e.g., West and Northeast vs. East, OR 3.93; 95%CI: 1.74 to 8.85) were mortality risk factors. The estimated CFR was 0.89-1.24% among all cases. The fatality risk among critical patients was 2-fold higher than that among severe and critical patients, and 24-fold higher than that among moderate, severe and critical patients.ConclusionsOur estimates of CFR based on laboratory-confirmed cases ascertained outside of Hubei suggest that COVID-19 is not as severe as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, but more similar to the mortality risk of 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in hospitalized patients. The fatality risk of COVID-19 is higher in males and increases with age. Our study improves the severity assessment of the ongoing epidemic and can inform the COVID-19 outbreak response in China and beyond.

Diocalandra taitense. [Distribution map].

1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Society Islands ◽  
Western Samoa ◽  
New Hebrides ◽  
Line Islands

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Diocalandra taitense (Guéer.) (= D. taitensis Guér.) (Col., Curculionidae) (Tahiti Coconut Weevil). Host Plant: Coconut palm. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Madagascar, AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Cook Islands, Fiji, Gambier Islands, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Hawaii, Line Islands, Marquesas, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Niue, Papua & New Guinea, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuamotu Islands, Wallis Islands, Irian Jaya.

Pulvinaria psidii. [Distribution map].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
Distribution Map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pulvinaria psidii Maskell. Homoptera: Coccoidea, Coccidae (green shield scale, guava mealy scale). Attacks Citrus, coffee, mango and many other trees and shrubs. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Aldabra Island, Algeria, Amirante Islands, Angola, Ascension Island, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Egypt, Eritrea, Farquar-Providence Islands, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, St. Helena, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Asia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Hong Kong, India, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Kazan-retto, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, West Malaysia, Nepal, Ogaswara-shoto, Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Australia, Australasian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Caroline Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, Irian Jaya, Kiribati, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, New Britain, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tubai, Vanuatu, North America, USA, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington DC, Central America and Caribbean, Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Virgin Islands, South America, Brazil, Brasilia, Sao Paulo, Guyana, Venezuela.

Helicoverpa armigera. [Distribution map].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Lepidoptera: Noctuidae. Attacks cotton, tobacco, tomato, maize, sorghum, polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe, Albania, Azores, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Africa, Algeria, Angola, Ascension Island, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rodriguez Island, Rwanda, St Helena, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, CIS (formerly USSR), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Russia, Kabardino-Balkarskaya, Krasnodar region, Rostov region, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Asia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, Cocos Keeling Islands, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Batjan, Java, Kai Islands, Lombok, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Tanimbar, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Caroline Islands, Fiji, Irian Jaya, Kermadec Islands, Kiribati, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Phoenix Islands, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Cosmopolites sordidus. [Distribution map].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Cosmopolites Sordidus ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Bonin Islands

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar). Coleoptera: Curculionidae. Attacks banana, Manlia hemp, plantain, sugarcane, yam, also recorded from cocoa stems. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Angola, Annobon, Benin, Bioko, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Comores, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Principe, Reunion, Rodrigues, Rwanda, St Helena, Sao Tome, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Asia, Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bonin Islands, Burma, Cambodia, China, Guizhou, Christmas Island, Hong Kong, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Lombok, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, West Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Ogasawara-shoto, Okinawa, Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Caroline Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, Fiji, Mariana Islands, Marquesas Islands, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis Islands, North America, USA, Florida, Central America and Caribbean, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, St Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Acre, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Maranhao, Minas Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

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