scholarly journals Association of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization and other risk factors with acute otitis media in an unvaccinated Indian birth cohort

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (10) ◽  
pp. 2191-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. RUPA ◽  
R. ISAAC ◽  
G. REBEKAH ◽  
A. MANOHARAN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Colonization ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
First Year Of Life

SUMMARYIn order to study the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization in the first 2 years of life, we followed up an unvaccinated birth cohort monthly and at visits when sick, with otoscopy to detect AOM and performed nasopharyngeal swabbing to detect S. pneumoniae. Serotyping of positive cultures was also performed. Of 210 babies who were enrolled at birth, 61 (29·05%) experienced 128 episodes of AOM [relative risk 2·63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·21–5·75] with maximum incidence in the second half of the first year of life. Episodes ranged from 1 to 7 (mean 2·1 episodes). Most (86·9%) babies with AOM had a positive culture swab giving an odds ratio (OR) of 1·93 (95% CI 1·03–3·62, P = 0·041) for this association. Other risk factors identified for AOM were winter season (OR 3·46, 95% CI 1·56–7·30, P = 0·001), upper respiratory infection (OR 2·43, 95% CI 1·43–4·51, P = 0·005); residents of small households were less likely to develop AOM (OR 0·32, 95% CI 0·17–0·57, P < 0·01). Common S. pneumoniae serotypes isolated during episodes were 19, 6, 15, 35, 7, 23, 9 and 10 which indicated a theoretical coverage for pneumococcal vaccines PCV10 and PCV13 constituent serotypes of 62·8%. We conclude that AOM in Indian infants is often associated with S. pneumoniae colonization of the nasopharynx as well as other risk factors.

Five-year prospective study of paediatric acute otitis media in Rochester, NY: modelling analysis of the risk of pneumococcal colonization in the nasopharynx and infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (10) ◽  
pp. 2186-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. FRIEDEL ◽  
S. ZILORA ◽  
D. BOGAARD ◽  
J. R. CASEY ◽  
M. E. PICHICHERO
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear Fluid ◽  
Modelling Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pneumococcal Colonization

SUMMARYDuring a 5-year prospective study of nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization and acute otitis media (AOM) infections in children during the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era (July 2006–June 2011) we studied risk factors for NP colonization and AOM. NP samples were collected at ages 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, and 30 months during well-child visits. Additionally, NP and middle ear fluid (MEF) samples were collected at onset of every AOM episode. From 1825 visits (n = 464 children), 5301 NP and 570 MEF samples were collected and analysed for potential otopathogens. Daycare attendance, NP colonization by Moraxella catarrhalis, and siblings aged <5 years increased the risk of Streptococcus pneumoniae NP colonization. NP colonization with S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, or Haemophilus influenzae and a family history of OM increased the risk of AOM. Risk factors that increase the risk of pneumococcal AOM will be important to reassess as we move into a new 13-valent PCV era, especially co-colonization with other potential otopathogens.

Risk factors for upper respiratory infection in the first year of life in a birth cohort

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 1835-1839 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Rupa ◽  
Rita Isaac ◽  
Anand Manoharan ◽  
R. Jalagandeeswaran ◽  
M. Thenmozhi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
First Year ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Streptococcus pneumoniae burden and nasopharyngeal inflammation during acute otitis media

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 667-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C Morris ◽  
Michael E Pichichero
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Neutrophil Recruitment ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Bacterial Burden ◽  
Nasal Wash ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a common respiratory pathogen and a frequent cause of acute otitis media (AOM) in children. The first step in bacterial pathogenesis of AOM is the establishment of asymptomatic colonization in the nasopharynx. We studied Spn bacterial burden in conjunction with neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory gene transcription and cytokine secretion in samples of nasal wash collected from normal and otitis-prone children during health, viral upper respiratory infection without middle ear involvement (URI) and AOM. We found no significant associations between otitis-prone status and any of the measured parameters. However, Spn bacterial burden was significantly correlated with neutrophil recruitment, transcription of IL-8, TNF-α and SOD2, and secretion of TNF-α. We also found that transcription of IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA by neutrophils was significantly correlated with the secretion of these cytokines into the nasopharynx. We conclude that Spn bacterial burden in the NP is a major determinant of neutrophil recruitment to the NP and activity during URI and AOM, and that neutrophils are contributors to the secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α in the NP when the Spn burden is high.

Otitis media in Indigenous Australian children: review of epidemiology and risk factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (S1) ◽  
pp. S16-S27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Jervis-Bardy ◽  
L Sanchez ◽  
A S Carney
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Indigenous Australian ◽  
Indigenous Children

AbstractBackground:Otitis media represents a major health concern in Australian Indigenous children (‘Indigenous children’), which has persisted, despite public health measures, for over 30 years.Methods:Global searches were performed to retrieve peer-reviewed and ‘grey’ literature investigating the epidemiology of and risk factors for otitis media in Indigenous children, published between 1985 and 2012.Results:In Indigenous children, the prevalence of otitis media subtypes is 7.1–12.8 per cent for acute otitis media, 10.5–30.3 per cent for active chronic otitis media and 31–50 per cent for tympanic membrane perforation. The initial onset of otitis media in Indigenous children occurs earlier and persists for longer after the first year of life, compared with non-Indigenous children. Indigenous children are colonised by otopathogens more frequently, at younger ages and with a higher bacterial load. Poor community and domestic infrastructure, overcrowding and exposure to tobacco smoke increase the risk of otitis media in Indigenous children; however, the availability of swimming pools plays no role in the prevention or management of otitis media.Conclusion:Despite awareness of the epidemiological burden of otitis media and its risk factors in Indigenous children, studies undertaken since 1985 demonstrate that otitis media remains a significant public health concern in this population.

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