scholarly journals Acute hepatitis B in Edinburgh 1975–92: a retrospective study in a population where human immunodeficiency virus is highly prevalent

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. BATH ◽  
T. G. SCOTT ◽  
C. J. SIBBALD ◽  
P. A. UPTON ◽  
C. N. RAMSAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Multiple Routes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Post Code

A retrospective study of notified hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Edinburgh during 1975–92 identified 525 acute cases. For 343 where a probable transmission route could be determined, 215 were due to shared equipment by injection drug users (IDUs), 29 to homosexual intercourse, 25 to heterosexual or household contact with IDUs, 21 to heterosexual contact with infected non-IDU partners and 53 to various other or multiple routes. Cases were unevenly distributed geographically, particularly those among IDUs. The highest incidence within a post code district was approximately 2·5 times that for all Edinburgh. Annual cases peaked in 1984 then declined to low levels in the early 1990s. This reduction was most marked among IDUs, and may be ascribed both to changed injecting behaviour and decreased susceptibility within this group. The latter factor implies that HBV infections may be an unreliable guide to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in populations where HBV is highly prevalent.

scholarly journals Human immunodeficiency virus infection predictors and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infections among drug users in three major Kenyan cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah Oyaro ◽  
John Wylie ◽  
Chien-Yu Chen ◽  
Raphael O. Ondondo ◽  
Anna Kramvis
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: Drug users act as reservoirs and transmission channels for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections to the general population worldwide. Periodic epidemiological studies to monitor the prevalence and genetic diversity of these infections to inform on interventions are limited. Objective of the study: The objective of this study was to determine the predictors of HIV infection and genetic diversity of HBV and HCV among drug users in Kenya. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study on previous drug use history among drug users was conducted in three Kenyan cities using a respondent-driven sampling method between January 2011 and September 2012. Blood samples were collected and analysed for the presence of HBV, HCV and HIV serological markers and to determine the genotypes of HBV and HCV. Results: The overall prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among drug users was 4.3%, 6.5% and 11.1%, respectively, with evidence of HBV/HIV, HCV/HIV and HBV/HCV/HIV co-infections. The HBV circulating genotypes were A1 (69%) and D6 (19%), whereas HCV genotypes were 1a (72%) and 4a (22%). Injection drug use was a significant predictor of HIV/HCV infections. Younger age (30 years; aOR (adjusted odds ratio) = 0.50, 95% CI (confidence interval): 0.33–0.76; p < 0.001) and early sexual debut (aOR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.40–0.82; p < 0.05) were negatively associated with detection of any of the three infections. Injecting drug use was positively associated with HCV infection (aOR = 5.37, 95% CI: 2.61–11.06; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This high level of genetic diversity exhibited by HBV and HCV isolates requires urgent implementation of harm reduction strategies and continuous monitoring for effective management of the patients.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B virus-human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in France: a cross-sectional multicentre study

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. SÈNE ◽  
S. POL ◽  
L. PIROTH ◽  
C. GOUJARD ◽  
P. DELLAMONICA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Liver Biopsy ◽  
Multicentre Study ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Hbsag ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

This prospective, multicentre study was conducted between September and October 2003 in 38 French departments of internal medicine, infectious disease and hepatogastroenterology and included 406 consecutive HBV-infected patients (positive HBsAg), half of whom were HIV-infected (53%). The aim was to outline the main characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infected patients in French hospitals. HBV-HIV co-infected patients (85% were receiving HAART; mean CD4 count 447±245/μl, HIV RNA load <400 copies/ml, 67% of patients), compared to HIV-negative patients, were more often male, injecting drug users, HBeAg-positive and HCV-HIV co-infected (P<10−4). They underwent liver biopsy less often (31% vs. 51%, P<10−4), particularly those with severe immunodeficiency. They received anti-HBV treatment more often (75% vs. 45·7%, P<10−4), mainly lamivudine and tenofovir. Significant improvements in the management of such patients are awaited mainly in the appraisal of liver disease by either liver biopsy or non-invasive alternatives to liver biopsy.

scholarly journals Algorithms for the Testing of Tissue Donors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Axel Pruß ◽  
Akila Chandrasekar ◽  
Jacinto Sánchez-Ibáñez ◽  
Sophie Lucas-Samuel ◽  
Ulrich Kalus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Tissue Donors ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Although transmission of pathogenic viruses through human tissue grafts is rare, it is still one of the most serious dreaded risks of transplantation. Therefore, in addition to the detailed medical and social history, a comprehensive serologic and molecular screening of the tissue donors for relevant viral markers for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is necessary. In the case of reactive results in particular, clear decisions regarding follow-up testing and the criteria for tissue release must be made. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Based on the clinical relevance of the specific virus markers, the sensitivity of the serological and molecular biological methods used and the application of inactivation methods, algorithms for tissue release are suggested. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Compliance with the preanalytical requirements and assessment of a possible hemodilution are mandatory requirements before testing the blood samples. While HIV testing follows defined algorithms, the procedures for HBV and HCV diagnostics are under discussion. Screening and decisions for HBV are often not as simple, e.g., due to cases of occult HBV infection, false-positive anti-HBc results, or early window period positive HBV NAT results. In the case of HCV diagnostics, modern therapies with direct-acting antivirals, which are often associated with successful treatment of the infection, should be included in the decision. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In HBV and HCV testing, a high-sensitivity virus genome test should play a central role in diagnostics, especially in the case of equivocal serology, and it should be the basis for the decision to release the tissue. The proposed test algorithms and decisions are also based on current European recommendations and standards for safety and quality assurance in tissue and cell banking.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C Virus Infection Is a Risk Factor for Severe Hepatic Cytolysis after Initiation of a Protease Inhibitor-Containing Antiretroviral Regimen in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 3451-3455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Savès ◽  
François Raffi ◽  
Philippe Clevenbergh ◽  
Bruno Marchou ◽  
Anne Waldner-Combernoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Virus Surface ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatic Cytolysis

ABSTRACT In a cohort of 1,047 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients started on protease inhibitors (PIs), the incidence of severe hepatic cytolysis (alanine aminotransferase concentration five times or more above the upper limit of the normal level ≥ 5N) was 5% patient-years after a mean follow-up of 5 months. Only positivity for hepatitis C virus antibodies (hazard ratio [HR], 7.95;P < 10−3) or hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HR, 6.67; P < 10−3) was associated with severe cytolysis. Before starting patients on PIs, assessment of liver enzyme levels and viral coinfections is necessary.

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