Functional architecture of area 17 in normal and monocularly deprived marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

AbstractThe organization of the primary visual cortex (VI) of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was studied both physiologically and by means of transneuronal labelling of geniculocortical afferents. We addressed the question whether monocular deprivation (MD) could stabilize segregation into ocular dominance (OD) columns, which are not seen in normal adult marmosets but are present in juvenile animals (Spatz, 1979, 1989). Properties of neurons in normal marmosets closely resembled those of other New-World and Old-World monkeys and orderly tangential progressions of preferred orientation were observed. However, in contrast to species that display well-defined OD columns, neurons of layer 4 in VI of normal adult marmosets received balanced inputs from the two eyes. Early MD (even though followed by prolonged binocular experience into adulthood) resulted in a reduction of cell size in laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus with input from the deprived eye and a dramatic overall shift in ocular dominance towards the non-deprived eye in the cortex. However, isolated clusters of cells dominated by the deprived eye were found in both layers 4 and 6. Injection of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the deprived eye revealed elongated patches of terminal label, about 350 μm wide, in flat-mounted sections through layer 4. Afferent segregation was sharper and more regular in the region of VI representing parafoveal visual space than in that representing the fovea. Our findings support the notion that all Old-World and New-World monkeys possess the capacity for segregation of geniculocortical afferents into OD columns.

Download Full-text

Ocular dominance columns in the adult New World Monkey Callithrix jacchus

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523801183070 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 407-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

CATHERINE CHAPPERT-PIQUEMAL ◽

CAROLINE FONTA ◽

FRANÇOIS MALECAZE ◽

MICHEL IMBERT

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Primary Visual Cortex ◽

New World ◽

Striate Cortex ◽

Ocular Dominance ◽

Callithrix Jacchus ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

Ocular Dominance Columns ◽

New Findings ◽

Calcarine Cortex

In the marmoset Callithrix jacchus, ocular dominance columns (ODC) have been reported to be present in young animals, but absent in adults (Spatz, 1989). We have studied in juvenile and adult animals the postnatal organization of the retino-geniculo-cortical afferents by means of transneuronal labeling. We show in the present work that ODC are present in the primary visual cortex of Callithrix jacchus, both in the adult and in the juvenile animal. The present work confirms the presence of ODC in the visual cortex of juvenile marmoset before the end of the first postnatal month. In 2-month-old animals, ODC are well demarcated in IVcα and IVcβ. In the adult marmosets, the present data clearly show that the primary visual cortex is also organized with ODC. In horizontal sections, they form a mosaic through the ventral and dorsal calcarine cortex and through the dorso-lateral occipital part of the striate cortex. In frontal sections, their presence is manifest in IVcβ within the calcarine cortex and they only faintly appear in IVcα. These new findings are important since they underline the usefulness of the adult New World Monkeys as a model in visual research.

Download Full-text

Referential alarm calling behaviour in New World primates

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/czoolo/58.5.680 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 680-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Cristiane Cäsar ◽

Klaus Zuberbühler

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

General Pattern ◽

Referential Communication ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

Human Language ◽

New World Primates ◽

Ample Evidence ◽

Old World ◽

Call Type ◽

Wide Range

Abstract There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their environment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some species, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations generated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capacities. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce-bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted titi monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combinatorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen.

Download Full-text

Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

10.21203/rs.3.rs-902471/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽

Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽

Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽

Ana C. A. Pinto ◽

Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

New World ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

World Monkey ◽

Histological Evaluation ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

Old World Monkeys ◽

Pathological Findings ◽

Old World ◽

Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

Download Full-text

Ocular dominance columns in New World monkeys

Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.1523/jneurosci.16-06-02086.1996 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 2086-2096 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

MS Livingstone

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

Ocular Dominance ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

Ocular Dominance Columns

Download Full-text

Test of the Law of Initial Values in Four Species of Primates

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1972.30.1.191 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 191-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas B. Downer ◽

William D. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Auditory Stimulus ◽

New World ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

World Species ◽

Old World ◽

Heart Rates ◽

Initial Values ◽

The Law

The law of initial values was tested in the serial responses of monkeys to an auditory stimulus. The “law” was not confirmed for heart rates. GSRs were absent in the new world monkeys but supported the law of initial values for half of the Ss of old world species. Less support was found when conductance scores were used.

Download Full-text

Anatomical description and morphometry of the skeleton of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/la.2012.011167 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 152-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C Casteleyn ◽

J Bakker ◽

S Breugelmans ◽

I Kondova ◽

J Saunders ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomedical Research ◽

Third Molar ◽

Common Marmoset ◽

Callithrix Jacchus ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

Thoracic Vertebrae ◽

Xiphoid Process ◽

Caudal Vertebrae ◽

Thoracolumbar Region ◽

The Common

Callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is regularly used in biomedical research, including for studies involving the skeleton. To support these studies, skeletons of healthy animals that had been euthanized for reasons not interfering with skeletal anatomy were prepared. The marmoset dental formula 2I-1C-3P-2M of each oral quadrant is atypical for New World monkeys which commonly possess a third molar. Seven cervical, 12–13 thoracic, 7–6 lumbar, 2–3 sacral and 26–29 caudal vertebrae are present, the thoracolumbar region always comprising 19 vertebrae. A sigmoid clavicle connects the scapula with the manubrium of the sternum. Depending on the number of thoracic vertebrae, 4–5 sternebrae are located between the manubrium and xiphoid process. Wide interosseous spaces separate the radius from the ulna, and the tibia from the fibula. A small sesamoid bone is inserted in the m. abductor digiti primi longus at the medial border of the carpus, a pair of ovoid sesamoid bones is located at the palmar/plantar sides of the trochleae of each metapodial bone, and round fabellae articulate with the proximal surfaces of the femoral condyles. Male marmosets possess a small penile bone. Both the front and hind feet have five digits. The hallux possesses a flat nail, whereas all other digits present curved claws. Interestingly, a central bone is present in both the carpus and tarsus. This study provides a description and detailed illustrations of the skeleton of the common marmoset as an anatomical guide for further biomedical research.

Download Full-text