Test of the Law of Initial Values in Four Species of Primates

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Downer ◽  
William D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
New World ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Initial Values ◽  
The Law

The law of initial values was tested in the serial responses of monkeys to an auditory stimulus. The “law” was not confirmed for heart rates. GSRs were absent in the new world monkeys but supported the law of initial values for half of the Ss of old world species. Less support was found when conductance scores were used.

scholarly journals Referential alarm calling behaviour in New World primates

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Cäsar ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Human Language ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Old World ◽  
Call Type ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their environment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some species, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations generated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capacities. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce-bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted titi monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combinatorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen.

scholarly journals Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽  
Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽  
Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽  
Ana C. A. Pinto ◽  
Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

MEDITERRANEAN AND ASIAN TAXA OF ANEMONE (SECTION ERIOCEPHALUS) WITH TUBEROUS ROOTSTOCKS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecily Madahar
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
New World ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Mediterranean Regions

Old World species of Anemone L. (section Eriocephalus Hook. f. & Thoms.) with tuberous rootstocks have been classified into three groups on the basis of their distribution and karyotypes. Anemone coronaria L., A. pavonina Lam., and A. hortensis L. of the northern, central, and eastern Mediterranean regions have karyotypes characteristic of the genus: three acrocentric, one submetacentric, and four metacentric chromosomes. Chromosomes of A. coronaria are smaller than those of A. pavonina and A. hortensis. Anemone palmata L. from the western Mediterranean differs from these in having four acrocentric and four metacentric chromosomes. Karyotypes of taxa from central Asia received as A. "bucharica", A. "petiolulosa", and A. "biflora" have three acrocentrics, two submetacentrics, and only three metacentrics. All taxa are diploid, 2n = 16, except A. palmata in which tetraploid populations are also known.Crosses between Old and New World species of Anemone with tuberous rootstocks were failures while those between Old World species with tuberous rootstocks and New World species with fibrous or woody rootstocks met with limited success.

NEW WORLD SPECIES OF CHLORITA, NOTUS, AND FORCIPATA (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE: TYPHLOCYBINAE) WITH A NEW TRIBE FORCIPATINI

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G.A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New World ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
New Tribe

AbstractChlorita nearctica is described from the Yukon Territory and is the first member of its genus found in the New World. A synopsis is presented to the Old World species of Chlorita Fieber, 1866 (Typhlocybinae, tribe Empoascini). A new typhlocybine tribe Forcipatini is created for Forcipata DeLong & Caldwell, 1936 and Notus Fieber, 1866. A synopsis of the genus Notus is presented, with Curta as a subgenus containing only the type species. Notus isolatus sp.nov. is described from Drummond Island, Michigan, in Lake Huron and from Quebec. A synopsis of the genus Forcipata DeLong & Caldwell is presented; all species belong to a single subgenus. Five new species are described: F. forficula from Florida, F. ips from Alaska and Yukon, F. montana from the mountains of British Columbia and Montana, and F. unica and F. xlix from Wisconsin. The New World species of the forcipatine genera are keyed.

QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ANISOCOTYLY IN HABERLEA RHODOPENSIS AND RAMONDA MYCONI

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-391
Author(s):  
B.-H. Huang ◽  
K. Nishii ◽  
C.-N. Wang ◽  
M. Möller
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
New World ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Haberlea Rhodopensis ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Irregular Growth ◽  
Basal Meristem ◽  
Ramonda Myconi

Anisocotyly, the unequal development of cotyledons post germination, is a unique trait observed only in Old World Gesneriaceae (Lamiales). New World Gesneriaceae have isocotylous seedlings. In both Old and New World Gesneriaceae, cotyledons initially grow equally for a short period just after germination. In the New World species, both cotyledons cease their growth at the same time early on, whereas in Old World species one cotyledon continues to expand to become a macrocotyledon while the other withers away. In this study, cotyledon growth was observed in two European Old World Gesneriaceae: Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi. The results were compared with those for the typical anisocotylous species Streptocarpus rexii and the typical isocotylous species Corytoplectus speciosus. We found that the cotyledon growth patterns in Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi were intermediate between the typical anisocotylous or isocotylous species. Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi showed irregular growth patterns, with some plants being slightly anisocotylous but most being isocotylous. The developmental basis for the residual anisocotyly, the extended basal meristem activity in the macrocotyledon, appeared to be identical in the European species to that in the typical Old World Streptocarpus rexii but weakly expressed, rare and terminated early. In conclusion, European Gesneriaceae retain a reduced anisocotylous growth that may be linked to their early plumule development.

scholarly journals The Old-World genus Ceratothripoides (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with a new genus for related New-World species

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2230 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENCE A. MOUND ◽  
DAVID A. NICKLE
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
New World ◽  
New Genus ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World

A key is provided to five Old World species that comprise the genus Ceratothripoides Bagnall, and the species C. revelatus (Priesner) is recalled from synonymy with C. brunneus Bagnall. Five New World species previously placed in this genus are here allocated to Retanathrips Mound & Nickle gen.n., with Physothrips funestus Hood as type species.

Sobarocephala (Diptera: Clusiidae: Sobarocesphalinae)—Subgeneric classification and Revision of the New World species

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3370 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
OWEN LONSDALE ◽  
STEPHEN A. MARSHALL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New World ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Species Level ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Neotropical Fauna ◽  
Species Groups

Sobarocephala Czerny is divided into nine newly erected species groups: the S. archisobarocephala (4 spp.), S. erwini (3spp.), S. flava (8 New World spp.; 2 Old World spp.), S. flaviseta (86 New World spp.; 1 Old World sp.), S. interrupta (86spp.), S. isla (25 spp.), S. latipennis (16 spp.), S. plumicornis (9 Old World spp.), and S. ruebsaameni (11 spp.) groups; 1species (S. setulocetra spec. nov.) remains unplaced. There are 240 species of Sobarocephala in the New World, including17 Nearctic (2 extend into the Neotropical Region) and 170 new species, some of which were previously considered va-rieties of S. humeralis Melander & Argo. The Neotropical fauna is here described, illustrated, keyed, and placed in a phy-logenetic context. Sobarocephala peruana Soós stat. nov., formerly a subspecies of S. nigronota Melander & Argo, israised to the species level, S. imitans Curran syn. nov. and S. diversipes Curran syn. nov. are synonymized with S. liturataMelander & Argo, S. annulata albiventris Soós syn. nov. is synonymized with S. annulata Melander & Argo, S. albitarsisCzerny syn. nov. is synonymized with S. humeralis, and S. pruinosa pallidor Steyskal syn. n. is synonymized with S. pru-inosa Soós. Lectotypes are designated for S. bistrigata (Kertesz) , S. lumbalis Williston, S. plumicornis Lamb and S. variegata Melander & Argo. The egg of S. uberis spec. nov. is described.

scholarly journals High susceptibility, viral dynamics and persistence of South American Zika virus in New World monkey species

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Berry ◽  
Deborah Ferguson ◽  
Claire Ham ◽  
Jo Hall ◽  
Adrian Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
New World ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
South American ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World

Abstract South American Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a novel human pathogen, linked with neurological disorders. However, comparative ZIKV infectivity studies in New World primates are lacking. Two members of the Callitrichidae family, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), were highly susceptible to sub-cutaneous challenge with the Puerto Rico-origin ZIKVPRVABC59 strain. Both exhibited rapid, high, acute viraemia with early neuroinvasion (3 days) in peripheral and central nervous tissue. ZIKV RNA levels in blood and tissues were significantly higher in New World hosts compared to Old World species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis). Tamarins and rhesus macaques exhibited loss of zonal occludens-1 (ZO-1) staining, indicative of a compromised blood-brain barrier 3 days post-ZIKV exposure. Early, widespread dissemination across multiple anatomical sites distant to the inoculation site preceded extensive ZIKV persistence after 100 days in New and Old World lineages, especially lymphoid, neurological and reproductive sites. Prolonged persistence in brain tissue has implications for otherwise resolved human ZIKV infection. High susceptibility of distinct New World species underscores possible establishment of ZIKV sylvatic cycles in primates indigenous to ZIKV endemic regions. Tamarins and marmosets represent viable New World models for ZIKV pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention studies, including vaccines, with contemporary strains.

Plasmodium inui shortii: Studies in Old World and New World Monkeys

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Collins ◽  
John W. Barnwell ◽  
McWilson Warren ◽  
Joann S. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Plasmodium Inui
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