Relating application frequency to morphological structure: the case of Tommo So vowel harmony

Phonology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura McPherson ◽  
Bruce Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Linear Order ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Harmonic Grammar ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Close Fit ◽  
Do So

We describe three vowel-harmony processes in Tommo So and their interaction with morphological structure. The verbal suffixes of Tommo So occur in a strict linear order, establishing a Kiparskian hierarchy of distance from the root. This distance is respected by all three harmony processes; they ‘peter out’, applying with lower frequency as distance from the root increases. The function relating application rate to distance is well fitted by families of sigmoid curves, declining in frequency from one to zero. We show that, assuming appropriate constraints, such functions are a direct consequence of Harmonic Grammar. The crucially conflicting constraints areIdent(violated just once by harmonised candidates) and a scalar version ofAgree(violated one to seven times, based on closeness of the target to the root). We show that our model achieves a close fit to the data, while a variety of alternative models fail to do so.

How Simple Complex Words Can Be: Morphological Processing and Word Representations

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijke W. Bergman ◽  
Patrick T. W. Hudson ◽  
Paul A. T. M. Eling
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Affect Recognition ◽  
Simple Complex ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Prefixed Words ◽  
Do So

In four lexical decision experiments we studied the effect of morphological complexity on word recognition. Some potentially relevant linguistic aspects of derived nouns were varied: the location of the affix (prefix vs. suffix); the genuineness of the affix (real vs. pseudo); the orthographic legality of pseudo-stems; semantic compositionality; the nature of the stem (free vs. bound); the origin of the complex word (Latinate vs. Germanic); the currency of the stem (current vs. moribund). Furthermore, in the first two experiments, we systematically varied the proportion of complex and simple words to see whether strategies influence morphological effects on recognition times. Consistent with Taft's notion of affix stripping, pseudoprefixed words show longer mean decision times and higher error rates than truly prefixed words. Further, the prefixed and nonprefixed (but not pseudoprefixed) words are processed equally rapidly, indicating that a decompositional process is efficient. No differences were found, however, for suffixed, pseudosuffixed, and nonsuffixed words. There was no effect of the proportion of simple and complex words. There are some indications that the etymological origin of words may affect recognition times, but no other linguistic aspects of derivations do so. The results of the four experiments are interpreted as supporting a left-to-right process for word recognition in which morphemes are extracted automatically. During this process information encoded by morphological structure becomes available for other processes.

Hard and Soft: Toughening Concrete by Impregnation with Functional Elastomers

2015 ◽  
Vol 1129 ◽  
pp. 438-444
Author(s):  
Oliver Weichold ◽  
Moshe Puterman
Keyword(s):  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Interfacial Interaction ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate ◽  
Pore System ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Bending Modulus ◽  
Do So

Toughening is a concept frequently used in brittle materials in order to prevent premature failure. For concrete, toughening is almost exclusively achieved by pre-stressing, i.e. by creating residual stresses that force cracks to close. However, this can only be accomplished with certain element geometries and is particularly unsuitable for thin specimens.An alternative method of toughening is to deflect the crack or to absorb the crack tip by means of a suitable material, in particular viscoelastic polymers. In the present study, the concrete samples are transformed into hybrid inorganic/organic composites, in which the organic phase exerts the crack-stopping properties. To do so, the pore system is filled with a mixture of methyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, which is then polymerised to form a functional copolymer. Witha 1:1 ratio of the two monomers, a 4.5-fold increase in flexural strength and 2.3-fold increase in bending modulus was observed compared to the reference concrete. It is assumed that the additional increase compared to concrete impregnated with polymers not containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is the direct consequence of the interfacial interaction provided by the presence of pendant hydroxyethyl groups in the polymer.

Evidence against a link between learning phonotactics and learning phonological alternations

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngah Do ◽  
Ping Hei Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
First Language ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artificial Languages ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Do So

Abstract Phonological alternations often happen to conform to phonotactic regularities, from which a single mechanism for phonotactics and alternations has been claimed. We note, however, that empirical evidence supporting the link between phonotactics and alternations comes only from English native speakers whose first language (L1) does exhibit phonotactically motivated alternation patterns. This article examines whether the link between phonotactics and alternations is universally available. To do so, we test learning of phonotactics and alternations with Cantonese native speakers, whose L1 provides no evidence for or against the link. We address learning of a vowel harmony pattern through the use of three artificial languages; one with a harmony pattern both within and across stems, another with a harmony pattern only across stems; and the other with a disharmony pattern within stems but harmony across stems. Learners successfully acquired harmony phonotactics according to input patterns, but they showed no difference in learning alternation patterns across the three languages. Our results suggest that the link between phonotactics and alternations might be language-specific: Only upon receiving L1 evidence, learners can use a unified mechanism to encode phonotactics and alternations.

Wordhood in Chamacoco

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-120
Author(s):  
Luca Ciucci
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Complex Predicates ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Concept Of Word ◽  
Phonological Rules

This chapter investigates ‘wordhood’ in Chamacoco, a Zamucoan language with about 2,000 speakers who traditionally inhabit the department of Alto Paraguay in Paraguay. After having examined the concept of ‘word’ in Chamacoco culture and the phonological inventory of the language, this chapter defines the phonological word according to its phonological rules, segmental features, and prosodic features (stress, nasal harmony and vowel harmony). Then, the morphological structure of the main word classes (verbs, nouns and adjectives) is outlined in order to identify the grammatical word and the mismatches between phonological and grammatical word. The latter can consist of one or more phonological words, as for compound subordinators, complex predicates, and instances of reduplication. By contrast, owing to cliticization, one phonological word can comprise two or more grammatical words. Finally, the chapter describes the properties of regular clitics and distinguishes them from morphemes which are independent phonological words frequently undergoing cliticization.

Phonological Word and Grammatical Word

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Southern Amazonia ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Phonological Unit

‘Word’ is a cornerstone for the understanding of every language. It is a pronounceable phonological unit. It will also have a meaning, and a grammatical characterization-a morphological structure and a syntactic function. And it will be an entry in a dictionary and an orthographic item. ‘Word’ has ‘psychological reality’ for speakers, enabling them to talk about the meaning of a word, its appropriateness for use in a certain social context, and so on. This volume investigates ‘word’ in its phonological and grammatical guises, and how this concept can be applied to languages of distinct typological make-up-from highly synthetic to highly analytic. Criteria for phonological word often include stress, tone, and vowel harmony. Grammatical word is recognized based on its conventionalized coherence and meaning, and consists of a root to which morphological processes will apply. In most instances, ‘grammatical word’ and ‘phonological word’ coincide. In some instances, a phonological word may consist of more than one grammatical word. Or a grammatical word can consist of more than one phonological word, or there may be more complex relationships. The volume starts with a typological introduction summarizing the main issues. It is followed by eight chapters each dealing with ‘word’ in an individual language—Yidiñ from Australia, Fijian from the Fiji Islands, Jarawara from southern Amazonia, Japanese, Chamacoco from Paraguay, Murui from Colombia, Yalaku from New Guinea, Hmong from Laos and a number of diasporic communities, Lao, and Makary Kotoko from Cameroon. The final chapter contains a summary of our findings.

scholarly journals Confusing, Dated and Ineffective? Current Sex Work Laws in England and Wales and Proposals for Reform

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Jade Potot-Warren
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Public Examination ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
The Public ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Sexual Services ◽  
Do So

Sex work is defined as ‘a person who on at least one occasion and whether or not compelled to do so, offers or provides sexual services to another person in return for payment or a promise of payment to A or a third person’ . Sex work law is often controversial, and must balance the interests of the workers, the clients and the public. Examination of the relevant law relating to sex work, and the history and policy considerations that influenced it are crucial to understanding the principles that underpin the current law, as well as its application and flaws. There are a variety of critiques of England and Wales’ current approach to sex work and the reforms put in place thus far, including criticism suggesting that the current law is in places confusing, dated and ineffective. I will suggest proposals for reform, aimed at clarifying and modernising UK sex work legislation. These proposals for reform will explore and compare existing alternative models that could potentially be adopted. The issues raised by legal transplants (i.e. ‘the moving of a rule or a system of law from one country to another or from one people to another’ in order for it to function as it did in the host jurisdiction ) are also a necessary consideration in the development of reform proposals.

Holding replication studies to mainstream standards of evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane T. Wegener ◽  
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Keyword(s):  
Replication Studies ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Do So

AbstractReplications can make theoretical contributions, but are unlikely to do so if their findings are open to multiple interpretations (especially violations of psychometric invariance). Thus, just as studies demonstrating novel effects are often expected to empirically evaluate competing explanations, replications should be held to similar standards. Unfortunately, this is rarely done, thereby undermining the value of replication research.

Electron Diffraction Analysis of Microtwin Structures in Regrown (III) Silicon

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
P. Ling ◽  
R. Gronsky ◽  
J. Washburn
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electron Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Defect Microstructures ◽  
Ion Implanted

The defect microstructures of Si arising from ion implantation and subsequent regrowth for a (111) substrate have been found to be dominated by microtwins. Figure 1(a) is a typical diffraction pattern of annealed ion-implanted (111) Si showing two groups of extra diffraction spots; one at positions (m, n integers), the other at adjacent positions between <000> and <220>. The object of the present paper is to show that these extra reflections are a direct consequence of the microtwins in the material.

Electron Microscopy of a Herpesvirus Isolated from Marek's Disease in Duck and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Nazerian
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Duck Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures inoculated with blood from Marek's disease (MD) infected birds. Cultures which contained this virus produced MD in susceptible chickens while virus negative cultures and control cultures failed to do so. This and other circumstantial evidence including similarities in properties of the virus and the MD agent implicate this virus in the etiology of MD.Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of DNA-staining intranuclear inclusion bodies in polykarocytes in infected cultures. Distinct nucleo-plasmic aggregates were also seen in sections of similar multinucleated cells examined with the electron microscope. These aggregates are probably the same as the inclusion bodies seen with the light microscope. Naked viral particles were observed in the nucleus of infected cells within or on the edges of the nucleoplasmic aggregates. These particles measured 95-100mμ, in diameter and rarely escaped into the cytoplasm or nuclear vesicles by budding through the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1). The enveloped particles (Fig. 2) formed in this manner measured 150-170mμ in diameter and always had a densely stained nucleoid. The virus in supernatant fluids consisted of naked capsids with 162 hollow, cylindrical capsomeres (Fig. 3). Enveloped particles were not seen in such preparations.

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