Portmanteau words of English food and beverage’s names in Indonesia

This study aims to identify the structure of portmanteau words of English food and beverage names in linguistic and relates to cultural views. Descriptive qualitative is applied to this research by finding several data in Supermarket, Mall, Café, Restaurant, and Websites in Indonesia. They are 37 collected data of the portmanteau words that have been earned from March up to July 2020. It is analyzed by revealing their formations in the linguistic concept of word formation (blending), which is proposed by Böhmerová theory and relates to the cultural aspect. The results show that the blending types of English food and beverage's names are fused and the telescoped blend. Those combinations of blending word structures are determinative and coordinative noun. Linguistically, the relation of the portmanteau words of food and beverages name to cultural aspects is entailed in the borrowing word. Those relations represent global food identity as the output of culture formed by the English language. This study is essential not only to develop new vocabularies through the word-formation of blending in the study of linguistic but also its relation to the cultural aspect.

“Otherwise, It Is Unclear What for I Am Living on Earth” (In Memory of V.A. Kosova)

This article is dedicated to the memory of Vera Alekseevna Kosova (1960–2021), a prominent Kazan linguist, the representative of the Kazan School of Linguistics. Her life as a researcher and educator was inextricably linked with Kazan University, where she worked on the important problems of the theory of word formation, starting from her PhD thesis written under the guidance of a famous scientist Emiliya Agafonovna Balalykina and dedicated to the functioning of word-formation categories in their interaction with other levels of the language. V.A. Kosova pursued her reflection on this problem in the subsequent monograph and doctoral thesis. She concluded about the inter-level nature of derivational processes and relationships and the important role of word-formation science in the process of cognition: word formation, according to her, is capable of opening categorical “corridors” to the secrets of the structures of linguistic consciousness before researchers. By elaborating and developing the achievements of Kazan linguists, V.A. Kosova was one step ahead of her teachers in her theoretical views on the above problem. She performed a comprehensive analysis of the concept of word-formation category and turned to the theory of nomination. She was also successful in teaching, worked a lot with Russian and foreign students, including those in abroad universities, and strengthened the cooperation between Russia and other countries. Under her guidance, eight theses were defended; she was the chairperson of the Thesis Council. For many years, V.A. Kosova was the deputy executive editor and a member of the editorial board of the scientific journal Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta (Proceedings of Kazan University. Humanities Series). V.A. Kosova will remain forever etched in the memory of her relatives and colleagues because of her exceptional human qualities, such as greatheartedness, cheerfulness, sincere affection, humanity, and responsiveness.

UTILIZAÇÃO PRÁTICA DE WORD EMBEDDING APLICADA À CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE TEXTO

Text classification aims to extract knowledge from unstructured text patterns. The concept of word incorporation is a representation technique that allows words with similar meanings to have a similar representation, in order to incorporate reasoning characteristics about their use and meaning. The aim of this article is to analyze the work already published on the use of embedded words applied to the classification of texts, to propose a practical application that demonstrates its effectiveness. This study contributes to proving the effectiveness of the use of word incorporation applied to text classification, having reached an accuracy rate of around 73%.

Wordhood in Chamacoco

This chapter investigates ‘wordhood’ in Chamacoco, a Zamucoan language with about 2,000 speakers who traditionally inhabit the department of Alto Paraguay in Paraguay. After having examined the concept of ‘word’ in Chamacoco culture and the phonological inventory of the language, this chapter defines the phonological word according to its phonological rules, segmental features, and prosodic features (stress, nasal harmony and vowel harmony). Then, the morphological structure of the main word classes (verbs, nouns and adjectives) is outlined in order to identify the grammatical word and the mismatches between phonological and grammatical word. The latter can consist of one or more phonological words, as for compound subordinators, complex predicates, and instances of reduplication. By contrast, owing to cliticization, one phonological word can comprise two or more grammatical words. Finally, the chapter describes the properties of regular clitics and distinguishes them from morphemes which are independent phonological words frequently undergoing cliticization.

The notion of ‘word’ in Makary Kotoko

Based on criteria proposed by Dixon and Aikhenvald (2002) for identifying grammatical and phonological words in a language, this chapter presents the notion of ‘word’ in Makary Kotoko (Chadic, Cameroon). The criteria of (i) pause phenomena, (ii) isolatability, (iii) meaning, and (iv) tone assignment are determinative, not for the identification of word per se, but for identifying word classes—in particular, the major word classes of the language: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and ideophone. Misalignment between grammatical and phonological words occurs with functional elements of the language and is addressed in a discussion of the clitics of the language. Clitic behaviour creates issues for determining orthographic words for this language which has had no known written tradition until fairly recently. Words used for expressing the concept of ‘word’ are discussed and the chapter concludes with a brief presentation of some word games used by speakers of Makary Kotoko.

Słowo jako medium tradycji: szkic z teorii oralności

Word as Medium of Tradition. Essay on Theory of OralityThe goal of the paper is to outline the concept of word as medium of intergenerational transfer of tradition in cultures of primary orality as formulated in the theory of orality since the 1960s. According to the classic anthropological approach, it emphasizes the orientation on tradition and stability of oral cultures. It also focuses on mechanisms of preserving fidelity and persistence of cultural patterns in the utterances/messages despite the lack of the written form. The basic mechanism here is to grasp messages in the form of epic poetry. Information (technical instruction and moral norms) is depicted in the narrative context, that is, descriptions of heroes’ activities as only by that the listeners’ emotions and – consequently – actions were stimulated. Combining poetry with music, singing, gestures and dancing were also used as mnemotechnical tools – messages affected listeners by rhyme, rhythm, and melody. On the verbal level, shaping messages according to mnemotechnical mechanisms have led to the origins of preservative language (elevated speech) that differed from flexible language used for everyday communication. Its main constitutive trait was dominance of formulas (formulative style) aimed at preserving those messages from critical analysis and being reshaped by the recipients. On the structural level of stories, formulas’ equivalent were typescenes and story-patterns. They were used to secure high fidelity of several performances (repetitions) of particular pieces. Other inherent traits of oral messages are: paratactic composition, redundancy, and Homeric epithets for descriptions of heroes.

Nomen est omen: why we need to rename ‘antimicrobial resistance’

The naming of diseases is a critical aspect of public health communication. In light of the recent renaming of the ‘Wuhan novel coronavirus’ to COVID-19, the names of other health threats must be reviewed. In particular, a new name is urgently needed for the global challenge typically referred to as ‘antimicrobial resistance’. The current name is inconsistently used, difficult to pronounce and lacks meaning for lay audiences. It also fails to express the magnitude of the phenomenon’s potential consequences for human medicine. This article reviews and evaluates key findings from several cross-disciplinary streams of research on the psycholinguistic properties of names. These include early psychology literature pertaining to the concept of ‘word attensity’, recent cognitive research on ‘processing fluency’ in the context of word recognition, and relevant marketing literature examining the components of successful branding strategies. Three key criteria—pronounceability, meaningfulness and specificity—are found to influence the perception of names and these are discussed in the context of antimicrobial resistance. The article demonstrates that the current term of ‘antimicrobial resistance’ falls short with regard to all three criteria and concludes with specific recommendations for the creation of a new name. Only the strategic choice of a single term that is (i) short and easy to pronounce; (ii) intuitively meaningful to lay audiences and indicative of the existential threat linked to antimicrobial resistance; and (iii) uniquely associated with the topic of antimicrobial resistance is likely to bring about overdue change in the global discussion of antimicrobial resistance.

“SORRY” EXPRESS BY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT IN CIMAHI : SOCIAL CULTURAL EFFECT ON LANGUAGE

Language is tool that use by human for communicate, and as tool to support them as social creature. Language is used by human every day in every situation, that make language become interesting phenomenon. During learning and teaching process that happen in class researcher find out the phenomenon that student use word “sorry” in context of asking permission not context for asking apology or expressing sympathy based on . Methodology of this research is qualitative with descriptive design. The instrument that use is observation, researcher is do observation in classroom activity on the class , and data is find from utterance that make by student during classroom activity. The result of this research most of student use word “sorry” in context of asking permission not for asking apologize. To understand the bigger concept of word sorry better to use bigger subject in research.