Light induced seabird mortality on vessels operating in the Southern Ocean: incidents and mitigation measures

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDY BLACK
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Navigational Aids ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Southern Oceans

It is recognized that birds become disorientated at night in the presence of artificial light (Bruderer et al. 1999). Bird strikes on vessels operating in the southern oceans have long been known (Ryan 1991), but few data have been published concerning these events. In the Southern Ocean the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) stipulates that, during fishing operations, deck lighting should be kept to a minimum and be directed inboard and downward (CCAMLR 2003, measures 25-02 and 25-03). However, these measures are designed to keep birds away from fishing gear rather than prevent bird strikes. The problem of bird strikes has been recognized by several territories within the southern oceans and policies to reduce the risk of them occurring are included in several management plans (Ryan & Glass 2001, policy 5.14 and Meere 2002, section 28:1f–1g). These do not, however, address the issue of ice-lights (powerful searchlights used to discern floating ice that might go undetected by radar), which are regarded as essential navigational aids.

scholarly journals Environmental effects of tourism and its seasonality on Mediterranean islands: the contribution of the Interreg MED BLUEISLANDS project to build up an approach towards sustainable tourism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Andolina ◽  
Geraldina Signa ◽  
Agostino Tomasello ◽  
Antonio Mazzola ◽  
Salvatrice Vizzini
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Mediterranean Islands ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Seawater Quality ◽  
Great Burden

Abstract The Mediterranean basin is amongst the world’s main tourist destination, and its islands are a major attraction, being sites of historical, cultural and naturalistic importance. This is beneficial for the local economies, but it may also represent a great burden on the coastal environment, where other human pressures are concentrated. The awareness of detrimental side effects of tourism together with the importance to take into account social and economic facets has led to the concept of sustainable tourism, which, however, represents a goal far from being attained. A good opportunity to promote sustainable tourism was provided by the Interreg MED BLUEISLANDS project, whose main aim was to identify, address and mitigate the effects of the seasonal variation of waste generated by tourism on Mediterranean islands. Here, we present the methodological framework of the project aimed at biomonitoring coastal seawater in highly touristic sites using macroalgae as valuable bioindicators of seawater quality and improving its status through the implementation and assessment of mitigation measures that included also the involvement of stakeholders. Outcomes of the project highlighted the effectiveness of such an integrated approach, confirming the importance of choosing proper indicators and tools that can support the development of management plans aiming to mitigate environmental impact and foster sustainable tourism.

Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Programs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Glass Metal

Marine debris is a major problem worldwide with ecological, economic, and human health impacts.Plastics, glass, metal, Styrofoam, rubber, and old fishing gear form the majority of the debris. Thepollution comes largely from land sources, although a portion of it is released by vessels. The litter affectswildlife, habitats, fisheries, and vessels that travel through the polluted areas. Recently, the severity ofthe problem is being recognized, and governments are acting. Monitoring programs have beenestablished to examine the extent of the problem, and management plans have been introduced to cleanup affected areas and to reduce the sources of the debris. Governments face technical, political, andfinancial barriers when tackling this issue. This report reviews the sources and impacts of the marinelitter, and examines the methods adopted by various countries and regions to tackle the problem.  

MPAs in the Southern Ocean under CCAMLR

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-107
Author(s):  
Karen N. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
National Jurisdiction

Abstract In 2016, the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) designated the largest marine protected area (MPA) in the Ross Sea. Hailed as both a precedent and a prototype for MPAs in both Antarctica and in areas beyond national jurisdiction more generally, it is nevertheless proving challenging to implement. Moreover, further MPAs have yet to be designated in the region although a number are under negotiation. This article will evaluate the contribution made by CCAMLR to the implementation of SDG 14.5 (the conservation of at least 20 per cent of marine and coastal areas by 2020), its relationship to area-based protection under the 1991 Environmental Protocol, and highlight the challenges of establishing MPAs beyond the jurisdiction of states.

CCAMLR and its approaches to management of the krill fishery

Polar Record ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (162) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
Euphausia Superba ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Central Resource

AbstractThe Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic MarineLiving Resources has met annually since 1982, with the task of implementing the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources; the treaty which was designed to manage rationally the exploitation of resources in the Southern Ocean. The central resource of the region is Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) and despite nine years of meetings the Commission has yet to adopt any conservation measures to protect krill. This article examines the published work of the Commission, seeking to determine how the Commission has dealt with the krill fishery and why it has not yet developed a krill management plan.

Odour management plans: a risk-based approach using stakeholder data

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Longhurst ◽  
M. Cotter ◽  
P. Gostelow
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Site Staff ◽  
Inconsistent Communication ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

Annoyance is a familiar reaction to odours arising from wastewater treatment sites, a reaction which can result in complaints and prosecutions. Odour management plans can be used to assess the extent of nuisance caused and prioritise mitigation measures. Often, these plans have been developed purely on the basis of technical assessments of emission and dispersion, with the general aim of limiting odour concentrations to a specific threshold at some distance from the works. They have often been prepared with inconsistent communication between the site staff and consultant during the development process, and may not directly refer to the affected population. This paper describes a risk-based approach to developing odour management plans, in which mitigation measures are assessed and prioritised on the basis of the likely frequency and intensity of odour exposure. A key element of the approach is the use of knowledge from data gained from key stakeholder groups: customers, staff, and regulators. Emphasis is placed on the development of clear communications between these groups, which helps both in terms of raising awareness amongst operators as to the significance of odour problems, and also in managing the expectations of customers and regulators. The practical application of this approach is demonstrated by the development of odour management plans for wastewater treatment sites by Yorkshire Water Services Ltd. These have used data from staff, customers and regulators to develop risk grids, which are then used to prioritise remediation measures. Involving staff in the data collection operations has been successful in raising awareness of the significance of odours, and has in turn led to low-cost emission reductions through improved housekeeping. Improved communications between operators, customers and regulators has led to more realistic expectations with regard to odour problems, a situation which can reduce conflict and prevent the imposition of stringent and sometimes unrealistic odour standards.

Southern Ocean cephalopods: life cycles and populations (Proceedings of the symposium held at Kings College Cambridge, 5–9 July 1993)

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G Rodhouse ◽  
U. Piatkowski ◽  
C.C. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Distribution Studies

The first systematic sampling in the Southern Ocean to capture cephalopods took place 120 years ago aboard HMS Challenger. Over the next century taxonomic knowledge was advanced by expeditions including the Mission du Cap Horn (France), the Valdivia Deep Sea Expedition (Germany), the Discovery expeditions (UK) the Eltanin (USA) and Academic Knipovitch (USSR). Over the last decade Southern Ocean cephalopod research has at last progressed beyond the descriptive phase and is rapidly joining other fields of Antarctic marine biology in its concerns with population biology and trophic systems, Although much taxonomic work remains to be done, ecological studies on the role of cephalopods in the diet of predators has been facilitated by advances in the identification of cephalopod beaks, development of opening-closing nets has allowed fine-scale distribution studies, and as methods for the study of growth, diet and biochemical genetics have advanced, so these have been applied to Southern Ocean cephalopods.

scholarly journals Controls of ocean carbon cycle feedbacks from different ocean basins and meridional overturning in CMIP6

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Katavouta ◽  
Richard G. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Meridional Overturning ◽  
Ocean Carbon ◽  
Southern Oceans

Abstract. The ocean response to carbon emissions involves a competition between the increase in atmospheric CO2 acting to enhance the ocean carbon storage, characterised by the carbon-concentration feedback, and climate change acting to decrease the ocean carbon storage, characterised by the carbon-climate feedback. The contribution from different ocean basins to the carbon cycle feedbacks and its control by the ocean carbonate chemistry, physical ventilation and biological processes is explored in diagnostics of 10 CMIP6 Earth system models. To gain mechanist insight, the dependence of these feedbacks to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is also investigated in an idealised climate model and the CMIP6 models. The Atlantic, Pacific and Southern Oceans contribute equally to the carbon-concentration feedback, despite their different size. This large contribution from the Atlantic Ocean relative to its size is associated with an enhanced carbon storage in the ocean interior due to a strong local physical ventilation and an influx of carbon transported from the Southern Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean provides the largest contribution to the carbon-climate feedback relative to its size, which is primarily due to climate change acting to reduce the physical ventilation. The Southern Ocean provides a relatively small contribution to the carbon-climate feedback, due to a compensation between the climate effects of the combined decrease in solubility and physical ventilation, and the increase in accumulation of regenerated carbon in the ocean interior. In the Atlantic Ocean, the AMOC strength and its weakening with warming has a strong control on the carbon cycle feedbacks that leads to a moderate dependence of these feedbacks to AMOC on global scale. In the Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans there is no clear correlation between AMOC and the carbon cycle feedbacks, suggesting that other processes control the ocean ventilation and carbon storage there.

scholarly journals The duration of artificial light defines sexual signalling in the common glow-worm

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Elgert ◽  
Topi K. Lehtonen ◽  
Arja Kaitala ◽  
Ulrika Candolin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Sensory Ecology ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Sexual Signalling

Abstract Artificial light at night is increasing globally, interfering with both sensory ecology and temporal rhythms of organisms, from zooplankton to mammals. This interference can change the behaviour of the affected organisms, and hence compromise the viability of their populations. Limiting the use of artificial light may mitigate these negative effects. Accordingly, we investigated whether the duration of artificial light affects sexual signalling in female glow-worms, Lampyris noctiluca, which are flightless and attract flying males to mate by emitting glow that is interfered by light pollution. The study included three treatments: no artificial light (control), 15 min of artificial light, and 45 min of artificial light. The results show that females were more likely to cease glowing when the exposure to light was longer. Furthermore, small females were more likely to cease their glow, and responded faster to the light, than larger females. These findings suggest that glow-worms can react rapidly to anthropogenic changes in nocturnal light levels, and that prolonged periods of artificial light trigger females to stop sexual signalling. Thus, limiting the duration of artificial light can mitigate the adverse effects of light pollution on sexual signalling, highlighting the importance of such mitigation measures. Significance statement Interest in the effects of artificial light at night on animal behaviour has increased in recent years. With evidence for its negative impact accumulating, potential remedies, such as limiting the duration of light exposure, have emerged. To date, however, knowledge on the effectiveness of these methods has remained very limited. We show that female European common glow-worms, which are wingless beetles that glow to attract flying males to mate, responded to prolonged artificial light exposure by discontinuing their glow. Such non-glowing females are not expected to find a mate, making it difficult for them to reproduce. Hence, our study indicates that the duration of artificial light should be limited to protect this night-active beetle and its opportunities for effective sexual signalling. Because many other nocturnal species also need darkness, this study provides valuable information for the development and use of less disruptive night-time lights.

scholarly journals CCAMLR Initiatives to Counter Flag State Non-Enforcement in Southern Ocean Fisheries

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Rachel Baird
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
Iuu Fishing ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Flag State

Not all states that have vessels registered under their flag take responsibility for the actions of those vessels and their crews. When enforcement is not carried out by flag states, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing can proliferate and have a serious impact on fish stocks in areas such as the seas around Antarctica. In this article, Rachel Baird evaluates the measures taken by the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to address the issue of IUU fishing. Port state controls, catch documentation schemes, vessel lists and other options are discussed. She concludes that CCAMLR provides some encouraging examples as to how the global problem of IUU fishing may be addressed.

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