scholarly journals Externalizing the threat from within: A new direction for researching associations between suicide and psychotic experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jamie Murphy ◽  
Mark Shevlin ◽  
Louise Arseneault ◽  
Richard Bentall ◽  
Avshalom Caspi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

Abstract A recent suicidal drive hypothesis posits that psychotic experiences (PEs) may serve to externalize internally generated and self-directed threat (i.e., self-injurious/suicidal behavior [SIB]) in order to optimize survival; however, it must first be demonstrated that such internal threat can both precede and inform PEs. The current study conducted the first known bidirectional analysis of SIB and PEs to test whether SIB could be considered as a plausible antecedent for PEs. Prospective data were utilized from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative birth cohort of 2232 twins, that captured SIB (any self-harm or suicidal attempt) and PEs at ages 12 and 18 years. Cross-lagged panel models demonstrated that the association between SIB at age 12 and PEs at age 18 was as strong as the association between PEs at age 12 and SIB at age 18. Indeed, the best representation of the data was a model where these paths were constrained to be equal (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.63–3.79). Clinical interview case notes for those who reported both SIB and PEs at age 18, revealed that PEs were explicitly characterized by SIB/threat/death-related content for 39% of cases. These findings justify further investigation of the suicidal drive hypothesis.

scholarly journals Birth cohort effects on the quantity and heritability of alcohol consumption in adulthood: a Finnish longitudinal twin study

Addiction ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 836-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvi Virtanen ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio ◽  
Richard Viken ◽  
Richard J. Rose ◽  
Antti Latvala
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

scholarly journals Measuring adolescents' exposure to victimization: The Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4pt2) ◽  
pp. 1399-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. Fisher ◽  
Avshalom Caspi ◽  
Terrie E. Moffitt ◽  
Jasmin Wertz ◽  
Rebecca Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study ◽  
Physical Maltreatment

AbstractThis paper presents multilevel findings on adolescents' victimization exposure from a large longitudinal cohort of twins. Data were obtained from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, an epidemiological study of 2,232 children (1,116 twin pairs) followed to 18 years of age (with 93% retention). To assess adolescent victimization, we combined best practices in survey research on victimization with optimal approaches to measuring life stress and traumatic experiences, and introduce a reliable system for coding severity of victimization. One in three children experienced at least one type of severe victimization during adolescence (crime victimization, peer/sibling victimization, Internet/mobile phone victimization, sexual victimization, family violence, maltreatment, or neglect), and most types of victimization were more prevalent among children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Exposure to multiple victimization types was common, as was revictimization; over half of those physically maltreated in childhood were also exposed to severe physical violence in adolescence. Biometric twin analyses revealed that environmental factors had the greatest influence on most types of victimization, while severe physical maltreatment from caregivers during adolescence was predominantly influenced by heritable factors. The findings from this study showcase how distinct levels of victimization measurement can be harmonized in large-scale studies of health and development.

scholarly journals A longitudinal twin study of the association between childhood autistic traits and psychotic experiences in adolescence

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Taylor ◽  
Elise B. Robinson ◽  
Francesca Happé ◽  
Patrick Bolton ◽  
Daniel Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twin Study ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

scholarly journals Shared Etiology of Psychotic Experiences and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Twin Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1197-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena M. S. Zavos ◽  
Thalia C. Eley ◽  
Philip McGuire ◽  
Robert Plomin ◽  
Alastair G. Cardno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

scholarly journals In the eye of the beholder: Perceptions of neighborhood adversity and psychotic experiences in adolescence

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1823-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne B. Newbury ◽  
Louise Arseneault ◽  
Avshalom Caspi ◽  
Terrie E. Moffitt ◽  
Candice L. Odgers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Neighborhood Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Neighborhood Conditions ◽  
Personal Perceptions ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

AbstractAdolescent psychotic experiences increase risk for schizophrenia and other severe psychopathology in adulthood. Converging evidence implicates urban and adverse neighborhood conditions in the etiology of adolescent psychotic experiences, but the role of young people's personal perceptions of disorder (i.e., physical and social signs of threat) in their neighborhood is unknown. This was examined using data from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative birth cohort of 2,232 British twins. Participants were interviewed at age 18 about psychotic phenomena and perceptions of disorder in the neighborhood. Multilevel, longitudinal, and genetically sensitive analyses investigated the association between perceptions of neighborhood disorder and adolescent psychotic experiences. Adolescents who perceived higher levels of neighborhood disorder were significantly more likely to have psychotic experiences, even after accounting for objectively/independently measured levels of crime and disorder, neighborhood- and family-level socioeconomic status, family psychiatric history, adolescent substance and mood problems, and childhood psychotic symptoms: odds ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [1.27, 2.05], p < .001. The phenotypic overlap between adolescent psychotic experiences and perceptions of neighborhood disorder was explained by overlapping common environmental influences, rC = .88, 95% confidence interval [0.26, 1.00]. Findings suggest that early psychological interventions to prevent adolescent psychotic experiences should explore the role of young people's (potentially modifiable) perceptions of threatening neighborhood conditions.

scholarly journals Association between genetic and socioenvironmental risk for schizophrenia during upbringing in a UK longitudinal cohort

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
J. B. Newbury ◽  
L. Arseneault ◽  
A. Caspi ◽  
T. E. Moffitt ◽  
C. L. Odgers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Neighborhood Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Neighborhood Deprivation ◽  
High Genetic Risk ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

Abstract Background Associations of socioenvironmental features like urbanicity and neighborhood deprivation with psychosis are well-established. An enduring question, however, is whether these associations are causal. Genetic confounding could occur due to downward mobility of individuals at high genetic risk for psychiatric problems into disadvantaged environments. Methods We examined correlations of five indices of genetic risk [polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia and depression, maternal psychotic symptoms, family psychiatric history, and zygosity-based latent genetic risk] with multiple area-, neighborhood-, and family-level risks during upbringing. Data were from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative cohort of 2232 British twins born in 1994–1995 and followed to age 18 (93% retention). Socioenvironmental risks included urbanicity, air pollution, neighborhood deprivation, neighborhood crime, neighborhood disorder, social cohesion, residential mobility, family poverty, and a cumulative environmental risk scale. At age 18, participants were privately interviewed about psychotic experiences. Results Higher genetic risk on all indices was associated with riskier environments during upbringing. For example, participants with higher schizophrenia PRS (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.06–1.33), depression PRS (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.08–1.34), family history (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11–1.40), and latent genetic risk (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.07–1.38) had accumulated more socioenvironmental risks for schizophrenia by age 18. However, associations between socioenvironmental risks and psychotic experiences mostly remained significant after covariate adjustment for genetic risk. Conclusion Genetic risk is correlated with socioenvironmental risk for schizophrenia during upbringing, but the associations between socioenvironmental risk and adolescent psychotic experiences appear, at present, to exist above and beyond this gene-environment correlation.

scholarly journals Bullying behaviours and other conduct problems: longitudinal investigation of their independent associations with risk factors and later outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keertana Ganesan ◽  
Sania Shakoor ◽  
Jasmin Wertz ◽  
Jessica Agnew-Blais ◽  
Lucy Bowes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Longitudinal Investigation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

Abstract Purpose Bullying behaviours and other conduct problems often co-occur. However, we do not yet know whether bullying behaviours are associated with early factors and later poor outcomes independently of conduct problems. While there are differing, specific interventions for bullying behaviours and for conduct problems, it is unclear if such specificity is justified given parallels between both behaviours. Methods We used prospective data from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative sample of 2232 children. Mothers and teachers reported on children’s bullying behaviours and conduct problems at ages 7 and 10. We collected measures of risk factors, including temperament and family factors, when children were age 5. We assessed behavioural, emotional, educational and social problems when participants reached the ages of 12 and 18. Results Bullying behaviours and conduct problems co-occurred in childhood. Our findings indicated that bullying behaviours and other conduct problems were independently associated with the same risk factors. Furthermore, they were associated with the same poor outcomes at both ages 12 and 18. Despite this, bullying behaviours were uniquely associated with behavioural, emotional, educational and social problems at age 18. Conclusions Our findings suggest that anti-bullying programmes and interventions aimed at reducing conduct problems could benefit from greater integration. Furthermore, our study highlights the mental health problems children who bully may face in later years and the need to consider those in intervention plans.

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