Observational measures of early irritability predict children's psychopathology risk

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ola Mohamed Ali ◽  
Lindsay N. Gabel ◽  
Kasey Stanton ◽  
Erin A. Kaufman ◽  
Daniel N. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Psychopathology ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Psychopathology Symptoms

Abstract Irritability is a transdiagnostic feature of diverse forms of psychopathology and a rapidly growing literature implicates the construct in child maladaptation. However, most irritability measures currently used are drawn from parent-report questionnaires not designed to measure irritability per se; furthermore, parent report methods have several important limitations. We therefore examined the utility of observational ratings of children's irritability in predicting later psychopathology symptoms. Four-hundred and nine 3-year-old children (208 girls) completed observational tasks tapping temperamental emotionality and parents completed questionnaires assessing child irritability and anger. Parent-reported child psychopathology symptoms were assessed concurrently to the irritability assessment and when children were 5 and 8 years old. Children's irritability observed during tasks that did not typically elicit anger predicted their later depressive and hyperactivity symptoms, above and beyond parent-reported irritability and context-appropriate observed anger. Our findings support the use of observational indices of irritability and have implications for the development of observational paradigms designed to assess this construct in childhood.

The Incredible Years® Programs for ADHD in Young Children: A Critical Review of the Evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desiree W. Murray ◽  
Jacqueline R. Lawrence ◽  
Doré R. LaForett
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Adolescent Psychology ◽  
Incredible Years ◽  
Child Treatment ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated the effectiveness of Incredible Years® (IY) programs for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children aged 3 to 8 years based on a systematic literature review. Effects of IY programs for children with or at risk for ADHD are examined in addition to the impact on ADHD behaviors in young children identified as having conduct problems or disruptive behavior. Search strategies identified 17 publications reflecting 11 unique intervention studies, including three with samples demonstrating elevated ADHD symptoms or meeting criteria for ADHD. Effects on ADHD outcomes, primarily parent report, were positive and comparable to those seen for conduct problems; benefits were also seen on social skills. Smaller and more variable effects were seen on observational measures and teacher reports. The overall methodological strength of this literature was relatively strong, although lack of fidelity measurement is a weakness. Using criteria established by the American Psychological Association’s Division 53 (Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology), the IY Basic Parent Program may be considered Probably Efficacious for young children at risk for ADHD. In addition, the combined IY parent and child treatment programs can be considered Possibly Efficacious for children aged 4 to 6 years with ADHD, based on one study by the developer with a diagnosed sample.

scholarly journals Triangulating Multi-Method Assessments of Parental Support for Early Math Skills

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J. Bachman ◽  
Leanne Elliott ◽  
Shirley Duong ◽  
Laura Betancur ◽  
Monica G. Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Support ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spatial Skills ◽  
Math Talk ◽  
Parent Reports ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
Parent Child Interactions ◽  
Time Diaries

Past research has examined parental support for math during early childhood using parent-report surveys and observational measures of math talk. However, since most studies only present findings from one of these methods, the construct (parental support for early math) and the method are inextricably linked, and we know little about whether these methods provide similar or unique information about children’s exposure to math concepts. This study directly addresses the mono-operation bias operating in past research by collecting and comparing multiple measures of support for number and spatial skills, including math talk during semi-structured observations of parent–child interactions, parent reports on a home math activities questionnaire, and time diaries. Findings from 128 parents of 4-year-old children reveal substantial within-measure variability across all three data sources in the frequency of number and spatial activities and the type and content of parent talk about number and spatial concepts. Convergence in parental math support measures was evident among parent reports from the questionnaire and time diaries, such that scale composites about monthly number activities were related to number activities on the previous work day, and monthly spatial activities were correlated with spatial activities the prior non-work days. However, few parent report measures from the survey or time diary were significantly correlated with observed quantity or type of math talk in the semi-structured observations. Future research implications of these findings are discussed.

Early detection of autism spectrum disorder in young isiZulu-speaking children in South Africa

Autism ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 518-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nola J Chambers ◽  
Amy M Wetherby ◽  
Sheri T Stronach ◽  
Nonyameko Njongwe ◽  
Shuaib Kauchali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
Symptom Profiles ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder Group ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Culturally appropriate tools are needed for detecting symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in young South African children. The objectives of this study were to (1) adapt and translate into isiZulu existing measures for detecting early signs of autism spectrum disorder, (2) use the measures to characterize and compare behavioural profiles of young isiZulu-speaking children with and without autism spectrum disorder and (3) compare symptom profiles across sampling procedures. Measures were translated and adapted into isiZulu and used to evaluate 26 isiZulu-speaking children, 15 children with no reported developmental concerns and 11 referred for suspected autism spectrum disorder. A video-recorded observation of children and caregivers in their home environment was also made. Based on best-estimate diagnoses, 10 children were classified as autism spectrum disorder and 16 as non-autism spectrum disorder. The children with autism spectrum disorder presented with significantly more autism spectrum disorder red flags than the non-autism spectrum disorder group according to parent report and systematic ratings of red flags. Significant correlations between parent report and observational measures of red flags were observed. More red flags were observed during structured evaluations than home observations in the autism spectrum disorder group. Findings provide a foundation for tool translation and adaptation in South Africa and identifying social communication markers to detect autism spectrum disorder in young isiZulu-speaking children.

Caregiver Strain Questionnaire–Short Form 11 (CGSQ-SF11): A Validation Study

Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112110153
Author(s):  
Grace M. Brennan ◽  
Dara E. Babinski ◽  
Daniel A. Waschbusch
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Child Psychopathology ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Caregiver Strain ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Child Disorders ◽  
Psychopathology Symptoms

Caregiver strain is associated with caregiver and child well-being and clinical outcomes. The present study examined the psychometric properties of a revised 11-item measure of caregiver strain, the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire–Short Form 11 (CGSQ-SF11). In a sample of 962 caregivers, we found support for a three-factor model of the CGSQ-SF11, consisting of objective (e.g., financial impact), subjective internalized (e.g., sadness about the child’s problems), and subjective externalized (e.g., anger directed toward the child) strain factors. Measurement invariance was supported across multiple demographic and clinical groups, and all three subscales displayed high internal consistency. Convergent validity was also supported through positive correlations with measures of child psychopathology symptoms and psychosocial impairment. Moreover, caregiver strain was associated with number of child disorders as well as breadth of child symptoms across both internalizing and externalizing domains. Findings provide initial validation of the CGSQ-SF11 as a comprehensive yet brief measure of caregiver strain.

Using a Thin Slice Coding Approach to Assess Preschool Personality Dimensions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Whalen ◽  
Kirsten Gilbert ◽  
Joshua James Jackson ◽  
Joan Luby ◽  
Deanna Barch
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Thin Slice ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
Preschool Age Children ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Big 5 Personality

Background: A large literature assessing personality across the lifespan has used the Big Five as an organizing framework, with much evidence that variation along different dimensions predicts different aspects of psychopathology. There is some evidence from parent reports that these dimensions begin to emerge as early as preschool, but there is a need for objective observational measures of personality in young children, as parent report can be confounded by the parents own personality.Methods: The current study observationally coded personality dimensions in a clinically enriched sample of preschoolers. A clinically heterogeneous preschool sample oversampled for depression (N=299) completed 1-8 structured observational tasks with an experimenter. ‘Big 5’ personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience were coded using a “thin slice” technique with 7,820 unique ratings available for analysis. Results: Thin-slice ratings of personality dimensions were reliably observed in preschoolers’ ages 3-6 years. Within and across-task consistency was also evident, with consistency estimates higher than found in adult samples. Conclusions: Personality dimensions can be observationally identified in preschool-age children and offer reliable estimates that stand across different observational tasks. Refuting standard dogma that personality may not coalesce until adolescence, findings provide evidence that personality dimensions reliably emerge as early as age 3. Study findings highlight the importance of observational approaches to assessing early indicators of potentially lifelong personality dimensions relevant for understanding psychopathology risk.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Prediction of Children's Weight Status from Measures of Non-Eating and Eating Self-Regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1643-1643
Author(s):  
Sheryl Hughes ◽  
Thomas Power ◽  
Jennifer Fisher ◽  
Teresia O'Connor ◽  
Nilda Micheli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Hispanic Families ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Child Eating ◽  
Child Bmi

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to investigate gender differences in the prediction of BMI z-scores in children ages 7 to 9. Predictors included well-known measures of non-eating and eating self-regulation assessed during the preschool years (ages 4 to 5). Methods Participants were part of a longitudinal study examining eating behaviors in Hispanic families with low-income levels living in a large urban city in southeast United States. Children and their parents were seen at Time 1 (ages 4–5), Time 2 (ages 5 ½-6 ½), and at Time 3 (ages 7–9). One hundred and thirty families had data on all variables needed for the current analyses. Both parent-report questionnaires as well as observational protocols were used to measure child self-regulation. Parent-report questionnaires included satiety responsiveness and food responsiveness (two child eating self-regulatory measures known to be associated with childhood obesity) and effortful control (a self-regulatory aspect of child temperament). Observational protocols included eating in the absence of hunger (a well-known child eating self-regulation measure) and executive functioning, delay of gratification, and emotional regulation (all measures of non-eating self-regulation). Height and weight were objectively measured on the children. Regressions were conducted to predict child weight status at ages 7 to 9 from measures of child eating and non-eating self-regulatory processes. Data on boys and girls were analyzed in different regressions. Parent-reported measures were analyzed separately from observational measures. Results Only the regression for girls, predicting Time 3 child BMI z-scores from observational measures, showed significant effects over and above the effects of Time 1 child BMI z-scores. Eating in the absence of hunger (eating self-regulation) positively predicted whereas delay of gratification (non-eating self-regulation) negatively predicted changes in girls’ BMI z-scores overtime. Conclusions The results of this study point to the importance of addressing non-eating self-regulation as well as eating self-regulation in future family-focused childhood obesity initiatives, especially those focused on Hispanic families with young children. Funding Sources Research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (R01 HD062567).

Origin of Hepatic Nuclear Inclusion Bodies

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
J. A. Greenlee ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Liver Cells ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Experimental Liver

Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in human liver cells may appear in light microscopy as deposits of fat or glycogen resulting from various diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, cholestasis or glycogen storage disease. These deposits have been also encountered in experimental liver injury and in our animals subjected to nutritional deficiencies, drug intoxication and hepatocarcinogens. Sometimes these deposits fail to demonstrate the presence of fat or glycogen and show PAS negative reaction. Such deposits are considered as viral products.Electron microscopic studies of these nuclei revealed that such inclusion bodies were not products of the nucleus per se but were mere segments of endoplasmic reticulum trapped inside invaginating nuclei (Fig. 1-3).

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

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