Prehistoric Man Round Bombay

The purpose of this paper is to put on record the discovery of various sites, containing traces of prehistoric man, in the neighbourhood of Bombay.The area of greatest importance is that of Worli. It is a cotton milling suburb of Bombay, distant some 4 miles from the Fort, and is situated on low lying marshy ground and bounded to the West by a low steep hill having a maximum height of 100 ft. O.D., and consisting of igneous basalt overlying amygdaloidal trap with a dyke of F.W. strata between. This dyke contains fossils of marsh tortoises, frogs and plants resembling bulrushes. The basalt is capped with red earth which is decomposing trap, and contains nodules of agate and blocks of chert. West of the hill is the Arabian Sea. The northern extremity of this hill ends in a spur which juts out into the sea, and here is the fishing village of Koliwada, consisting of mud huts.

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III.—Mediaeval Churches: The Churches of Western Mani

The Annual of the British School at Athens ◽

10.1017/s0068245400017597 ◽

1909 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 177-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ramsay Traquair

Keyword(s):

The West ◽

Central Dome ◽

The Hill ◽

The Church

The villages of lower and upper Boularioi lie on the hill-side above the modern port of Gerolimena. Above the upper village stands the church of Hagios Strategos (Pls. XI, XII). It is in three parts, the church proper, the narthex, and a small domed porch. The church belongs to the two-columned type of the later Byzantine school, in which the central dome rests upon two columns to the west and upon the dividing walls of the eastern chapels to the east. Internally it is not very accurately or squarely built, but widens rather to the east: it measures about 16 ft. in breadth by 18 ft. long, with walls of about 2 ft. 9 in. in thickness, and terminates in the usual three eastern apses, semicircular both inside and out.

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An Iron Age A site on the Chilterns

The Antiquaries Journal ◽

10.1017/s0003581500076319 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 31 (3-4) ◽

pp. 132-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. M. Richardson ◽

Alison Young

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Iron Age ◽

The West ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Roman Villa ◽

Adjoining Area ◽

Cursory Examination ◽

A Site ◽

The Hill

In 1946 a visit to the barrow, which lies on the edge of the western scarp of Chinnor Common, and a cursory examination of the adjoining area, cultivated during the war, resulted in finds of pottery and other objects indicating Iron Age occupation. The site lies on the saddleback of a Chiltern headland, at a height of about 800 ft. O.D. Two hollow ways traverse the western scarp, giving access to the area from the Upper Icknield Way, which contours the foot of the hill, then drops to cross the valley, passing some 600 yards to the north of the Iron Age site of Lodge Hill, Bledlow, and rising again continues northwards under Pulpit Hill camp and the Ellesborough Iron Age pits below Coombe Hill. The outlook across the Oxford plain to the west is extensive, embracing the hill-fort of Sinodun, clearly visible some fourteen miles distant on the farther bank of the Thames. The hollow way at the north-west end of the site leads down to a group of ‘rises’ hard by the remains of a Roman villa, and these springs are, at the present day, the nearest water-supply to the site.

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Art. VII.—Notes on Persian Belúchistán. From the Persian of Mirza Mehdy Khán. Published Teheran, July, 1875

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society ◽

10.1017/s0035869x00016816 ◽

1876 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 147-154

Author(s):

A. H. Schindler

Keyword(s):

Indian Ocean ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

The South ◽

The West ◽

The North ◽

The People ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

The Hill ◽

Cool Climate

The part of Belúchistán now under Persian rule is bounded upon the north by Seistán, upon the east by Panjgúr and Kej, upon the south by the Indian Ocean, and upon the west by Núrámshír, Rúdbár, and the Báshákerd mountains.This country enjoys a variety of climates; almost unbearable heat exists on the Mekrán coast, we find a temperate climate on the hill slopes and on the slightly raised plains as at Duzek and Bampúr, and a cool climate in the mountainous districts Serhad and Bazmán. The heat at Jálq is said to be so intense in summer that the gazelles lie down exhausted in the plains, and let themselves be taken by the people without any trouble.

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Acidification of soils on a transect from plains to slopes, south western New-South-Wales

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9900539 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 539 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

CJ Chartres ◽

RW Cumming ◽

JA Beattie ◽

GM Bowman ◽

JT Wood

Keyword(s):

Cation Exchange ◽

Soil Acidification ◽

Cation Exchange Capacity ◽

Management Practices ◽

New South ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Soil Types ◽

The West ◽

South Wales ◽

Red Earth

Samples were collected from unimproved road reserves and adjacent paddocks on a 90 km transect crossing red-brown earth soils in the west and red earth soils in the east. Measurements of pH in water and CaCl2 indicated that the red earths have been acidified by approximately 0.5 pH units over the last 30-40 years. Small increases in CaCl2-extractable A1 were also recorded for the acidified red earths. The red-brown earths do not appear to have been markedly affected by soil acidification to date. Clay mineralogical data and measurements of cation exchange capacity of the <2 �m fraction indicate that red-brown earths are better buffered against acidification than red earths. However, small differences in management practices and rainfall along the transect may also be partially responsible for differences in acidification between soil types.

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Excavations at Halos

The Annual of the British School at Athens ◽

10.1017/s0068245400008753 ◽

1912 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 1-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. J. B. Wace ◽

M. S. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Ancient Greek ◽

The West ◽

The Hill ◽

The City ◽

Limestone Hill

Although one of the smaller and less well-known cities in Thessaly Halos in Achaia Phthiotis has played an important part in history. Tradition attributes its origin to Athamas, and its position guarding the coast route between Othrys and the sea into the Spercheios valley, brought it on several critical occasions into prominence. In 480 B.C. together with the rest of Thessaly it submitted to Xerxes without a struggle, but in 346 B.C. it withstood a long siege by Philip and Parmenio. Some mediaeval and Turkish fortifications on the ancient Greek acropolis show that its strategic importance continued down to the last century. The walls which surrounded the city in the plain and the citadel on the hill to the west can still be traced, but of the city itself nothing is now visible. The acropolis is the last peak of the projecting spur of Othrys, which running down towards the bay of Halmyros shuts off the plain of Sourpe from that of Halmyros. This is now a bare limestone hill covered with scrub, and whatever may exist in the plain is hidden beneath the cultivated fields.

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Ancient Cultivations at Housesteads, Northumberland

Antiquity ◽

10.1017/s0003598x00037777 ◽

1931 ◽

Vol 5 (19) ◽

pp. 351-354

Author(s):

W. Percy Hedley

Keyword(s):

The South ◽

The West ◽

South Side ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Hadrian's Wall ◽

The Military ◽

The Hill ◽

North And South

The Roman Fort of Borcovicium at Housesteads in Northumberland should need no introduction to anyone interested in archaeology. During the last year it has been brought into great prominence by being presented to the Nation by Mr John Maurice Clayton, and through its close proximity to the portion of Hadrian’s Wall recently threatened by quarrying operations.The fort at Housesteads was one of the earliest to be examined by British antiquaries, but although it has received so much attention its environs have been almost entirely disregarded. On both sides of the Military Way leading out of the west gateway was an extensive civil settlement, and traces of buildings can be seen on the south side of the fort. The hillside sloping to the southward is covered with the remains of early cultivations. These have generally been accepted as of Romano-British age. There are, however, two distinct systems of early cultivation. To the southwest of the fort there is a series of terraces running along the hillside, but on the southeast of the fort there are lynchets running north and south at regular interva up and down the hillside. From the hill to the south of Housesteads it can be clearly seen that where there is terrace cultivation it has been superimposed on the earlier system of lynchets, and this is also shown in air photographs.

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Some Phrygian Monuments

The Journal of Hellenic Studies ◽

10.2307/623540 ◽

1882 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 256-263

Author(s):

W. M. Ramsay

Keyword(s):

Early Period ◽

The West ◽

Opposite Wall ◽

Western Side ◽

The Right ◽

Straight Lines ◽

The Hill ◽

Two Sides

Of the five Phrygian monuments now published from the drawings of Mr. A. C. Blunt, No. 4 on Pl. XXVIII, may be assigned to an early period of Phrygian history. It has been already published by Steuart, Anc. Monum.; but like all his drawings, this is very incorrect and gives an inaccurate idea of the original. The monument is at Yapuldak (see the map in last number of this Journal). There was at this place a town or fortification of some kind on the top of a hill, which rises about 200 feet above the plain. The western side of the hill is a precipice of rock, and on all other sides it is very steep. On the western side an underground staircase cut in the rock leads down to the plain: a similar one at Pishmish Kalessi has already been mentioned above, p. 6. Near this staircase there is a doorway leading into a small rock-chamber, from which another door in the opposite wall leads into a second chamber, larger than the first. At the back of the second chamber a door admits into a third chamber, and in the back of this third chamber there is a door or window which looks out over the precipice to the west. One can step out through this window and stand on a ledge about eighteen inches wide; and this is the only way to get a near view of the carved front which is now given according to Mr. Blunt's drawing and measurements. The architectural work round the door shows the love of ornament characteristic of both Phrygian and Mycenaean art. It does not consist of curved mouldings: the section shows only straight lines. There is a high pediment over the window, the centre of which is occupied by a peculiarly shaped obelisk. This pediment is very like one over the door of a tomb in the side of Pishmish Kalessi, engraved by Perrot, Voy. Archéol. p. 146; but is much more elaborate. On the two sides of the obelisk, arranged in the usual symmetrical fashion, are two animals, on the right side certainly a bull, on the left side probably a horse. The horse is frequently represented on the outside of Phrygian tombs, but I do not know any other case where the bull appears on them.

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Reflection loss estimation using shallow water ambient noise in the Arabian Sea off the west coast of India

Ocean Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.09.053 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 109 ◽

pp. 603-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Najeem ◽

G. Latha ◽

M.C. Sanjana ◽

A. Thirunavukkarasu

Keyword(s):

Shallow Water ◽

Reflection Loss ◽

West Coast ◽

Arabian Sea ◽

Ambient Noise ◽

Loss Estimation ◽

The West ◽

West Coast Of India

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Influence of regional environment in guiding the spatial distribution of marine bivalves along the Indian coast

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315417001837 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 163-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deepjay Sarkar ◽

Madhura Bhattacherjee ◽

Devapriya Chattopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

West Coast ◽

Arabian Sea ◽

East Coast ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Shelf Area ◽

The West ◽

Regional Environment ◽

High Productivity ◽

Marine Bivalves

Tropical coastal areas are amongst the most diverse ecosystems in the world. However, there are quite a few coasts that have rarely been studied for their macro-benthic diversity. The Indian coastline presents one such gap area. Two sub-parallel coastlines of India have a wide latitudinal span (8–23°N) and strikingly different physiographic environments. While the east coast receives a high siliciclastic input from large river systems flowing to the Bay of Bengal with fluctuating salinity, the west coast has a large shelf area and high productivity of the Arabian Sea. Such difference enables us to evaluate the effect of regional environmental parameters on marine molluscan diversity and distribution in an intra-tropical setting. Because of the wide latitudinal range, it is also possible to assess if spatial difference in species richness in such a regional scale follows the large-scale biodiversity pattern such as Latitudinal Biodiversity Gradient (LBG) despite inherent environmental variation. We used species distribution of marine bivalves, compiled using bioSearch and the Ocean Productivity database, to address this question. Our results show that intra-tropical species richness of marine bivalves is guided primarily by regional environmental parameters. Even with identical latitudinal extent, higher nutrient availability and larger shelf area, the west coast has significantly lower richness than the east coast; among environmental variables, productivity, salinity and coastline length emerged as significant predictors of species diversity. Moreover, a positive influence of a South Asian biodiversity hotspot on east coast fauna and a negative impact of the oxygen-depleted condition of Arabian Sea on west coast fauna, may have a significant contribution in developing such coastal variation in species richness. The latitudinal variation in species richness did not follow LBG. In contrast to the coast-specific diversity difference, species composition is not found to be dictated by coastal affiliation. The composition corresponds primarily to physiographic conditions. We identified three distinct eco-regions (north-western, southern, north-eastern) with characteristic species composition corresponding to unique physiography and productivity mechanism. The NW region has low siliciclastic input and high productivity associated with upwelling during winter cooling. The NE region has a distinctly high riverine input and salinity fluctuation. The southern region, in contrast, has well developed reefal system with moderate variation in salinity. Such correspondence underscores the importance of the regional environment in dictating the species diversity and distribution in the shallow marine realm.

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