Rewriting systems for the surface classification theorem

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-588
Author(s):  
GABRIELE PULCINI
Keyword(s):  
Projective Plane ◽  
Projective Planes ◽  
Classification Theorem ◽  
Alternative Proof ◽  
Connected Sum ◽  
Rewriting Systems ◽  
Surface Classification ◽  
Orientable Surfaces ◽  
Computational Properties ◽  
Standard Word

The work reported in this paper refers to Massey's proof of the surface classification theorem based on the standard word-rewriting treatment of surfaces. We arrange this approach into a formal rewriting systemand provide a new version of Massey's argument. Moreover, we study the computational properties of two subsystems of:orfor dealing with words denoting orientable surfaces andnorfor dealing with words denoting non-orientable surfaces. We show how such properties induce an alternative proof for the surface classification in which the basic homeomorphism between the connected sum of three projective planes and the connected sum of a torus with a projective plane is not required.

scholarly journals Maximal arcs in projective planes of order 16 and related designs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Gezek ◽  
Vladimir D. Tonchev ◽  
Tim Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Projective Plane ◽  
Projective Planes ◽  
Maximal Arcs ◽  
Even Order

Abstract The resolutions and maximal sets of compatible resolutions of all 2-(120,8,1) designs arising from maximal (120,8)-arcs, and the 2-(52,4,1) designs arising from previously known maximal (52,4)-arcs, as well as some newly discovered maximal (52,4)-arcs in the known projective planes of order 16, are computed. It is shown that each 2-(120,8,1) design associated with a maximal (120,8)-arc is embeddable in a unique way in a projective plane of order 16. This result suggests a possible strengthening of the Bose–Shrikhande theorem about the embeddability of the complement of a hyperoval in a projective plane of even order. The computations of the maximal sets of compatible resolutions of the 2-(52,4,1) designs associated with maximal (52,4)-arcs show that five of the known projective planes of order 16 contain maximal arcs whose associated designs are embeddable in two nonisomorphic planes of order 16.

scholarly journals Resolving Sets and Semi-Resolving Sets in Finite Projective Planes

10.37236/2582 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Héger ◽  
Marcella Takáts
Keyword(s):  
Projective Plane ◽  
Finite Projective Plane ◽  
Projective Planes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blocking Set ◽  
Metric Dimension ◽  
Desarguesian Projective Plane ◽  
Resolving Set ◽  
Incidence Graph ◽  
Vertex Set

In a graph $\Gamma=(V,E)$ a vertex $v$ is resolved by a vertex-set $S=\{v_1,\ldots,v_n\}$ if its (ordered) distance list with respect to $S$, $(d(v,v_1),\ldots,d(v,v_n))$, is unique. A set $A\subset V$ is resolved by $S$ if all its elements are resolved by $S$. $S$ is a resolving set in $\Gamma$ if it resolves $V$. The metric dimension of $\Gamma$ is the size of the smallest resolving set in it. In a bipartite graph a semi-resolving set is a set of vertices in one of the vertex classes that resolves the other class.We show that the metric dimension of the incidence graph of a finite projective plane of order $q\geq 23$ is $4q-4$, and describe all resolving sets of that size. Let $\tau_2$ denote the size of the smallest double blocking set in PG$(2,q)$, the Desarguesian projective plane of order $q$. We prove that for a semi-resolving set $S$ in the incidence graph of PG$(2,q)$, $|S|\geq \min \{2q+q/4-3, \tau_2-2\}$ holds. In particular, if $q\geq9$ is a square, then the smallest semi-resolving set in PG$(2,q)$ has size $2q+2\sqrt{q}$. As a corollary, we get that a blocking semioval in PG$(2, q)$, $q\geq 4$, has at least $9q/4-3$ points. A corrigendum was added to this paper on March 3, 2017.

scholarly journals Analysis of Some Properties from Construction of Finite Projective Planes of Order 2 and 3

CAUCHY ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Vira Hari Krisnawati ◽  
Corina Karim
Keyword(s):  
Automorphism Group ◽  
Projective Plane ◽  
Symmetric Group ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Finite Projective Plane ◽  
Projective Planes ◽  
Steiner System ◽  
Incidence Relation ◽  
Finite Projective Planes ◽  
Set Of Points

<p class="abstract"><span lang="IN">In combinatorial mathematics, a Steiner system is a type of block design. Specifically, a Steiner system <em>S</em>(<em>t</em>, <em>k</em>, <em>v</em>) is a set of <em>v</em> points and <em>k</em> blocks which satisfy that every <em>t</em>-subset of <em>v</em>-set of points appear in the unique block. It is well-known that a finite projective plane is one examples of Steiner system with <em>t</em> = 2, which consists of a set of points and lines together with an incidence relation between them and order 2 is the smallest order.</span></p><p class="abstract"><span lang="IN">In this paper, we observe some properties from construction of finite projective planes of order 2 and 3. Also, we analyse the intersection between two projective planes by using some characteristics of the construction and orbit of projective planes over some representative cosets from automorphism group in the appropriate symmetric group.</span></p>

Projective planes of infinite but isolic order

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. E. Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Projective Plane ◽  
Finite Projective Plane ◽  
Projective Planes ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Combinatorial Theory ◽  
Ternary Ring ◽  
Orthogonal Latin Squares ◽  
Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares ◽  
Planar Ternary Ring ◽  
Partial Recursive Functions

The main purpose of this paper is to show how partial recursive functions and isols can be used to generalize the following three well-known theorems of combinatorial theory.(I) For every finite projective plane Π there is a unique number n such that Π has exactly n2 + n + 1 points and exactly n2 + n + 1 lines.(II) Every finite projective plane of order n can be coordinatized by a finite planar ternary ring of order n. Conversely, every finite planar ternary ring of order n coordinatizes a finite projective plane of order n.(III) There exists a finite projective plane of order n if and only if there exist n − 1 mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order n.

Weakly Isotopic Planar Ternary Rings

1975 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Projective Plane ◽  
Projective Planes ◽  
Ternary Ring ◽  
Algebraic Relation ◽  
Planar Ternary Ring ◽  
Algebraic Properties

This paper introduces two relations both weaker than isotopism which may hold between planar ternary rings. We will concentrate on the geometric consequences rather than the algebraic properties of these relations. It is well-known that every projective plane can be coordinatized by a planar ternary ring and every planar ternary ring coordinatizes a projective plane. If two planar ternary rings are isomorphic then their associated projective planes are isomorphic; however, the converse is not true. In fact, an algebraic bond which necessarily holds between the coordinatizing planar ternary rings of isomorphic projective planes has not been found. Such a bond must, of course, be weaker than isomorphism; furthermore, it must be weaker than isotopism. Here we show that it is even weaker than the two new relations introduced.This is significant because the weaker of our relations is, in a sense, the weakest possible algebraic relation which can hold between planar ternary rings which coordinatize isomorphic projective planes.

On the homeotopy group of a non-orientable surface

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan S. Birman ◽  
D. R. J. Chillingworth
Keyword(s):  
Projective Planes ◽  
Double Cover ◽  
Orientable Surface ◽  
Factor Group ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Defining Relations ◽  
Entire Structure ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Orientable Surfaces ◽  
Made In

Let X be a closed, compact connected 2-manifold (a surface), which we will denote by O or N if we wish to stress that X is orientable or non-orientable. Let G(X) denote the group of all homeomorphisms X → X, D(X) the normal subgroup of homeomorphisms isotopic to the identity, and H(X) the factor group G(X)/D(X), i.e. the homeotopy group of X. The problem of determining generators for H(O) was considered by Lickorish in (7, 8), and the second of these papers specifies a finite set of generators of a particularly simple type. In (10) and (11) Lickorish considered the analogous problem for non-orientable surfaces, and, using Lickorish's partial results, Chilling-worth (4) determined a finite set of generators for H(N). While the generators obtained for H(O) and H(N) were strikingly similar, it was noteworthy that the techniques used in the two cases were different, and in particular that little use was made in the non-orientable case of the earlier results obtained on the orientable case. The purpose of this note is to show that the results of Lickorish and Chillingworth on non-orientable surfaces follow rather easily from the work in (7, 8) by an application of some ideas from the theory of covering spaces (2). Moreover, while Lickorish and Chillingworth sought only to find generators, we are able to show (Theorem 1) how in fact the entire structure of the group H(N) is determined by H(O), where O is an orientable double cover of N. Finally, we are able to determine defining relations for H(N) for the case where N is the connected sum of 3 projective planes (Theorem 3).

scholarly journals Finite groups as automorphism groups of orthocomplemented projective planes

1978 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Greechie
Keyword(s):  
Finite Group ◽  
Projective Plane ◽  
Finite Groups ◽  
Automorphism Groups ◽  
Projective Planes ◽  
Desarguesian Projective Plane ◽  
Absolute Point

AbstractA construction is given for a non-desarguesian projective plane P and an absolute-point free polarity on P such that the group of collineations of P which commute with the polarity is isomorphic to an arbitrary preassigned finite group.

scholarly journals Real Hypersurfaces of Nonflat Complex Projective Planes Whose Jacobi Structure Operator Satisfies a Generalized Commutative Condition

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Theocharis Theofanidis
Keyword(s):  
Projective Plane ◽  
Projective Planes ◽  
Additional Restriction ◽  
Real Hypersurfaces ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Complex Projective Plane ◽  
Jacobi Structure ◽  
Complex Projective

Real hypersurfaces satisfying the conditionϕl=lϕ(l=R(·,ξ)ξ)have been studied by many authors under at least one more condition, since the class of these hypersurfaces is quite tough to be classified. The aim of the present paper is the classification of real hypersurfaces in complex projective planeCP2satisfying a generalization ofϕl=lϕunder an additional restriction on a specific function.

On Non-Integral Dehn Surgeries Creating Non-Orientable Surfaces

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-627
Author(s):  
Masakazu Teragaito
Keyword(s):  
Projective Plane ◽  
Klein Bottle ◽  
Orientable Surface ◽  
Dehn Surgery ◽  
Orientable Surfaces

AbstractFor a non-trivial knot in the 3-sphere, only integral Dehn surgery can create a closed 3-manifold containing a projective plane. If we restrict ourselves to hyperbolic knots, the corresponding claim for a Klein bottle is still true. In contrast to these, we show that non-integral surgery on a hyperbolic knot can create a closed non-orientable surface of any genus greater than two.

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