The Demands of Simple and Complex Arithmetic Word Problems on Language and Cognitive Resources

Solving arithmetic word problems requires constructing a situation model based on the problem text and translating that into a mathematical model. As such, word problem solving makes demands on students’ language comprehension and their domain-general cognitive resources. These demands may decrease when students get more experienced and use strategies that do not require fully understanding the situation presented in the problem. The current study aims to address this hypothesis. Students (N=444) from third to sixth grade solved a paper-and-pencil task with 48 mathematics problems, comprising symbolic arithmetic problems and standard word problems, as well as more complex word problems that involve two arithmetic steps or include irrelevant numerical information. Their performance was analyzed with multilevel logistic regression analyses. Results showed that within each grade, performance on the different problem types did not differ, suggesting that already in third-grade students seem helped nor hindered by presenting arithmetic problems in a story, even if that story contains irrelevant numerical information. Non-verbal reasoning was more important in standard word problems than in arithmetic problems in symbolic format in one-step arithmetic, and reading comprehension was more important in solving two-step arithmetic word problems than in one-step arithmetic word problems.

PEMBOBOTAN DINAMIS BERBASIS POSISI PADA APPROXIMATE STRING MATCHING

Komunikasi tertulis dalam media sosial yang menekankan pada kecepatan penyebaran informasi sering kali terjadi fenomena penggunaan bahasa yang tidak baku baik pada level kalimat, klausa, frasa maupun kata. Sebagai sebuah sumber data, media sosial dengan fenomena ini memberikan tantangan dalam proses ekstraksi informasi. Normalisasi bahasa yang tidak baku menjadi bahasa baku dimulai pada proses normalisasi kata di mana kata yang tidak baku (non-standard word (NSW)) dinormalisasikan ke bentuk baku (standard word (SW)). Proses normalisasi dengan menggunakan edit distance memiliki keterbatasan dalam proses pembobotan nilai mismatch, match, dan gap yang bersifat statis. Dalam perhitungan nilai mismatch, pembobotan statida tidak dapat memberikan pembedaan bobot akibat kesalahan penekanan tombol pada keyboard terutama tombol yang berdekatan. Karena keterbatasan pembobotan edit distance ini maka dalam penelitian ini diusulkan sebuah metode pembobotan dinamis untuk bobot mismatch. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah adanya metode baru dalam pembobotan dinamis berbasis posisi tombol keyboard yang dapat digunakan dalam melakukan normalisasi NSW menggunakan metode approximate string matching.

Pergeseran Bahasa Baku: Ragam Bahasa Elitis dalam Akun Instagram Humor Recehku

The purpose of this study is to describe elitist language on the Humor Recehku Instagram account, namely (1) non-standard word forms; (2) abbreviated forms that cause non-standard; and (3) word forms from foreign languages. The method used in this research is the descriptive method. The data collection technique was done by observing and taking notes. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman qualitative analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and levers. This research leads to the content analysis “content analysis”. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences that experience language shifts in an elitist form. The results of this study indicate that there is a language shift in the case of using elitist language in the Humor Recehku Instagram account. First, non-standard word forms include non-standard words without a play (emang, gini, telfon, sampe, ngerasa dan sebagainya); non-standard words with a pun (Oktrouble dan gw); and non-standard words weakening phonemes (males, denger, bener-bener, ye, cakep, anjeng, kecapean, dan temen). Second, abbreviations that cause non-standard abbreviated standard words (sm, org, krn, dan trs); and abbreviated non-standard words (not and yesterday2). Third, foreign language words are divided into (typing, excuse, mood and so on); phrase (self-reminder, close friend IG); and sentences (is the best kind of sleep, oh well honey, you keep your small circle, and friend with many but trust any).

Modelling General Properties of Nouns by Selectively Averaging Contextualised Embeddings

While the success of pre-trained language models has largely eliminated the need for high-quality static word vectors in many NLP applications, static word vectors continue to play an important role in tasks where word meaning needs to be modelled in the absence of linguistic context. In this paper, we explore how the contextualised embeddings predicted by BERT can be used to produce high-quality word vectors for such domains, in particular related to knowledge base completion, where our focus is on capturing the semantic properties of nouns. We find that a simple strategy of averaging the contextualised embeddings of masked word mentions leads to vectors that outperform the static word vectors learned by BERT, as well as those from standard word embedding models, in property induction tasks. We notice in particular that masking target words is critical to achieve this strong performance, as the resulting vectors focus less on idiosyncratic properties and more on general semantic properties. Inspired by this view, we propose a filtering strategy which is aimed at removing the most idiosyncratic mention vectors, allowing us to obtain further performance gains in property induction.

NAZIEF-ADRIANI STEMMER DENGAN IMBUHAN TAK BAKU PADA NORMALISASI BAHASA PERCAKAPAN DI MEDIA SOSIAL

Penggunaan bahasa tak baku semakin marak dalam komunikasi di media sosial. Penggunaan bahasa tak baku tidak terbatas pada kalimat, klausa, atau frasa saja namun juga pada penggunaan kata. Pada penelitian ini, akan dilakukan normalisasi kata yang tak baku/ nonstandard word (NSW) tersebut ke kata baku/ standard word (SW) Bahasa Indonesia. Metode stemmer Nazief-Adriani (Nazief-Adriani stemmer (NAS)) dikembangkan menjadi nonstandard stemmer (NSS) dengan meningkatkan kemampuannya untuk mendeteksi imbuhan tak baku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan penggunaan NAS dan NSS dalam normalisasi NSW. Algoritma kemiripan Needleman-Wunsch digunakan untuk membobot hasil pencocokan. Hasil pengujian dengan Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) pada sebanyak 3.438 NSW didapatkan penggunaan NSS dengan jumlah kueri = 9 (Q=9) memiliki tertinggi sebesar 79.26% dengan rata-rata sebesar 50.48%. Sedangkan pengujian MRR menggunakan NAS dengan Q=9 mendapatkan hasil tertinggi sebesar 72.87% dan rata-rata sebesar 47.23%. Dari dua pengujian MRR yang dilakukan, ada 3 huruf yang memiliki hasil stemming tertinggi, baik dalam pengujian menggunakan NAS maupun menggunakan NSS yaitu huruf awal r, f dan j. Peningkatan nilai MRR paling signifikan terjadi pada huruf awal ‘d’, ‘n’ dan ‘t’ yang merupakan huruf awal dari sebagian imbuhan tak standar.

ERROR ANALYSIS IN STUDENTS’ CLASSROOM DISCUSSION AT MTS LKMD WAEMOLI (Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Dalam Diskusi Siswa Kelas VIII MTS LKMD Waemoli)

This study the analysis of language errors in Indonesian subjects at MTs LKMD Waemoli, Buru Regency inclass discussion activities. The research design used in this research is descriptive qualitative, namelycollecting, processing, analyzing, and presenting data objectively about the object of research, namely languageerrors in class discussion activities of class VIII students of MTs LKMD Waemoli, Buru Regency, especiallywords, phrases, clauses, and the sentence. Data collection techniques are carried out to obtain the informationneeded in order to achieve the research objectives, the techniques used are observation techniques andrecording techniques. The results showed that the form of language error analysis for grade VII students at MTsLKMD Waemoli, Buru Regency in class discussion activities was the use of words, use of phrases, use ofclauses, and use of sentences. Based on the data obtained regarding the analysis of students' language errors inclass discussions, it can be said that in the use of words there are 168 non-standard word uses, in the use ofphrases there are 7 errors, the use of clause errors there are 13 errors and 10 errors in the use of sentences. Theoverall dialogue on the data in the analysis is 146 which is more wrong with the use of errors in words.Keywords: language, error analysis, class discussion.

ERROR ANALYSIS IN STUDENTS’ CLASSROOM DISCUSSION AT MTS LKMD WAEMOLI (Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Dalam Diskusi Siswa Kelas VIII MTS LKMD Waemoli)

This study the analysis of language errors in Indonesian subjects at MTs LKMD Waemoli, Buru Regency inclass discussion activities. The research design used in this research is descriptive qualitative, namelycollecting, processing, analyzing, and presenting data objectively about the object of research, namely languageerrors in class discussion activities of class VIII students of MTs LKMD Waemoli, Buru Regency, especiallywords, phrases, clauses, and the sentence. Data collection techniques are carried out to obtain the informationneeded in order to achieve the research objectives, the techniques used are observation techniques andrecording techniques. The results showed that the form of language error analysis for grade VII students at MTsLKMD Waemoli, Buru Regency in class discussion activities was the use of words, use of phrases, use ofclauses, and use of sentences. Based on the data obtained regarding the analysis of students' language errors inclass discussions, it can be said that in the use of words there are 168 non-standard word uses, in the use ofphrases there are 7 errors, the use of clause errors there are 13 errors and 10 errors in the use of sentences. Theoverall dialogue on the data in the analysis is 146 which is more wrong with the use of errors in words.Keywords: language, error analysis, class discussion

NON-STANDARD WORD WRITING IN POS KOTA NEWS TITLE

The habit of reading the newspaper by itself will be able to familiarize readers morefamiliar with the language of the newspaper. However, in fact in terms of the users of the languagein the newspaper classified as inadequate. The public seemed never ceased to demand thenewspaper to use the language normative and standard in the presentation of news. The purpose ofthis study is to know the writing of non-standard words in the title of the Pos Kota newspaper.Furthermore, it is expected to that many readers would know about non-standard words. Theresearch method used to analyze the writing of non-standard words in the Pos Kota newspaper titleis a descriptive method. From a total of 25 words divided, Basic, Affix and Combined Words getthe same amount of 5 words. Beheading Words gets 3 words. Re-form, Prepositions s,Abbreviations and Acronyms Words get 2 words. Numbers get 1 word. Meanwhile, Particles,,Pronouns, and Article Words get 0 words. There are still a lot of non-standard vocabulary writtenin newspapers that can cause readers to be more familiar with non-standard vocabulary thanstandard vocabulary later. In the end, it will cause many errors in the use of standard vocabularyby readers.Key Words: word writing, non-standard words, Pos Kota newspaper.