The Stick Design Test on the assessment of older adults with low formal education: evidences of construct, criterion-related and ecological validity

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2057-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Jardim de Paula ◽  
Mônica Vieira Costa ◽  
Matheus Bortolosso Bocardi ◽  
Mariana Cortezzi ◽  
Edgar Nunes De Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Visuospatial Abilities ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Drawing Tasks ◽  
State Examination

ABSTRACTBackground:The assessment of visuospatial abilities is usually performed by drawing tasks. In patients with very low formal education, the use of these tasks might be biased by their cultural background. The Stick Design Test was developed for the assessment of this population. We aim to expand the test psychometric properties by assessing its construct, criterion-related and ecological validity in older adults with low formal education.Method:Healthy older adults (n = 63) and Alzheimer's disease patients (n = 92) performed the Stick Design Test, Mini-Mental State Examination, Digit Span Forward and the Clock Drawing Test. Their caregivers answered Personal Care and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living). Construct validity was assessed by factor analysis, convergent correlations (with the Clock Drawing Test), and divergent correlations (with Digit Span Forward); criterion-related validity by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and binary logistic regression; and Ecological validity by correlations with ADL.Results:The test factor structure was composed by one component (R2 = 64%). Significant correlations with the Clock Drawing Test and Digit Span Forward were found, and the relationship was stronger with the first measure. The test was less associated with formal education than the Clock Drawing Test. It classified about 76% of the participants correctly and had and additive effect with the Mini-Mental State Examination (84% of correct classification). The test also correlated significantly with measures of ADL, suggesting ecological validity.Conclusions:The Stick Design Test shows evidence of construct, criterion-related and ecological validity. It is an interesting alternative to drawing tasks for the assessment of visuospatial abilities.

scholarly journals The use of the Clock Drawing Test in bipolar disorder with or without dementia of Alzheimer’s type

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 913-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Aprahamian ◽  
Marcia Radanovic ◽  
Paula Villela Nunes ◽  
Rodolfo Braga Ladeira ◽  
Orestes Vicente Forlenza
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Dementia Of Alzheimer’S Type ◽  
State Examination

There is limited data regarding the cognitive profile from screening tests of older adults with bipolar disorder (BD) with dementia. Objective To investigate the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) among older adults with BD with and without Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Method 209 older adults (79 with BD without dementia and 70 controls; 60 with AD, being 27 with BD) were included to evaluate the performance of three CDT scoring scales, beyond the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and verbal fluency (VFT). Results Patients with BD without dementia presented with lower scores in MMSE, VF and one CDT scoring scale than controls. Patients with BD and AD presented with lower scores in VF and CDT scoring scales than patients with only AD. All CDT scales presented similar sensitivity and specificity for BD and non-BD groups. Conclusion Elderly subjects with BD showed greater impairment in CDT in both groups of normal cognition and AD.

Correlation and agreement between the Mini-mental State Examination and the Clock Drawing Test in older adults with low levels of schooling: the Bambuí Health Aging Study (BHAS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cíntia Fuzikawa ◽  
Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa ◽  
Elizabeth Uchôa ◽  
Kenneth Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
State Examination

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the correlation and agreement between the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT), administered and scored using Shulman's method (2000), in elderly Brazilian adults with very low levels of formal education.Methods: CDT and MMSE tests, performed by a sample of 1118 elderly subjects from a population-based cohort, were evaluated. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated for the total sample and according to gender, age and schooling level. Agreement was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.Results: CDTs with high scores had high corresponding MMSE scores whereas CDTs with low scores had a wide range of corresponding MMSE scores. Correlation was moderate (ρ = 0.64) and no difference was found according to gender, age or schooling level. For CDT cut-off 3/4, the best MMSE cut-off was 27/28 and agreement between tests was 75.1%.Conclusions: Correlation between tests was moderate. Subjects who performed well on the CDT could be expected to obtain high MMSE scores. Although one test does not substitute for the other, the CDT may be more practical in developing countries where resources are limited and low education is common in the elderly, as well as in situations where time for assessment or screening is limited. Moreover, the CDT may be sensitive to cognitive domains not assessed by the MMSE.

scholarly journals Testing Older Adults for Signs of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Clock Drawing Test vs.Mini-Mental State Examination

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Ghavidel ◽  
Javad Salehi Fadardi ◽  
Fereshteh Sedaghat ◽  
Zahra Tabibi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
State Examination

scholarly journals Screening for Dementia in Older Adults: Comparison of Mini-Mental State Examination, Mini-Cog, Clock Drawing Test and AD8

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e0168949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Jing Yan ◽  
Xiaoqing Jin ◽  
Yu Jin ◽  
Wei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
State Examination

scholarly journals Usefulness of clock-drawing test in Indian older adults with diabetes mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
RakeshKumar Tripathi ◽  
Yashi Verma ◽  
Anamika Srivastava ◽  
TanuShree Shukla ◽  
Kauser Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test

scholarly journals A-035 What Make Them Tick? The Clock Drawing Test and Correlations Between Cognitive and Functional Abilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-825
Author(s):  
Gold D ◽  
Boulos K ◽  
Coolbrith N ◽  
Piryatinsky I
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Error Types

Abstract Objective The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is among the most researched cognitive measures and is frequently used to screen for neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). No study to date has investigated the relationship between qualitative errors on the CDT and independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) or discrete cognitive abilities. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the correlations between qualitative errors on the CDT and IADL status as well as performance in individual cognitive domains. Method Data were retrospectively collected from patients seen at an outpatient clinic in eastern Massachusetts, including 16 healthy controls, 22 patients with mild NCD, and 35 patients with major NCD. Analyses were performed between qualitative errors on the CDT and patients’ scores on the Lawton IADL Scale, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), Digit Span Forward and Backward, Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Boston Naming Test (BNT). Results IADL scores were moderately correlated with CDT error types. DRS-2 scores were strongly correlated commission of qualitative errors. Strong to very strong correlations were observed between TMT parts A & B scores and all qualitative error types. BNT performance was strongly correlated with conceptual deficits and spatial/planning errors. Digit Span Forward and Backward scores showed low correlations with all CDT errors. Conclusions Functional status appears only moderately correlated with commission of various CDT errors; however, several cognitive measures showed high correlation with various CDT error types. These findings suggest that certain qualitative errors may be indicative of cognitive impairments warranting further workup. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals A Novel Exercise for Enhancing Visuospatial Ability in Older Adults with Frailty: Development, Feasibility, and Effectiveness

Geriatrics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Miyuki Nemoto ◽  
Hiroyuki Sasai ◽  
Noriko Yabushita ◽  
Keito Tsuchiya ◽  
Kazushi Hotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Visuospatial Ability ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Global Cognition ◽  
State Examination

We aimed to develop a novel exercise to improve visuospatial ability and evaluate its feasibility and effectiveness in older adults with frailty. A non-randomized preliminary trial was conducted between June 2014 and March 2015. We recruited 35 adults with frailty (24 women), aged 66–92 years. Participants were assigned to either locomotive- or visuospatial-exercise groups. All participants exercised under the supervision of physiotherapists for 90 min/week for 12 weeks. The visuospatial exercise participants used cubes with six colored patterns and were instructed to “reproduce the same colored pattern as shown in the photo”, using the cubes. In the locomotive exercise group, lower extremity functional training was provided. Rates of retention and attendance measured feasibility. Most participants completed the intervention (77.3%, locomotive; 84.6%, visuospatial) and had good attendance (83.8%, locomotive; 90.7%, visuospatial). Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), clock drawing test (CDT), and seven physical performance tests were conducted before and after interventions. The improvement in the MMSE score, qualitative analysis of CDT, grip strength, and sit and reach assessments were significantly greater in the visuospatial exercise group than in the locomotive exercise group. The cube exercise might be a feasible exercise program to potentially improve visuospatial ability and global cognition in older adults with frailty.

scholarly journals Is the Mini-Mental State Examination the best cognitive screening test for less educated people?

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Felipe Scarabelot ◽  
Mariane de Moraes Monteiro ◽  
Mauren Carneiro da Silva Rubert ◽  
Viviane de Hiroki Flumignan Zetola
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Fluency Test

ABSTRACT Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) results are strongly influenced by educational level. The Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) is an alternative assessment tool that provides more accurate results in individuals with less education. Objective: Our aim was to compare the MMSE and BCSB as screening tests. Methods: The MMSE and BCSB were assessed in 112 participants by two evaluators blind to the other test's result. Participants were classified according to their level of education. The influence of education level was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests. Results: Scores of the MMSE (p < 0.0001) and the clock-drawing test (p < 0.0001) were influenced by education level but the delayed recall test score was not (p = 0.0804). The verbal fluency test (p = 0.00035) was influenced only by higher educational levels. It took three minutes less to apply the MMSE than to apply the BCSB (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the delayed recall test and the verbal fluency test of the BCSB are better than the MMSE and clock-drawing test as tools for evaluating cognition in people with limited education.

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