scholarly journals A-035 What Make Them Tick? The Clock Drawing Test and Correlations Between Cognitive and Functional Abilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-825
Author(s):  
Gold D ◽  
Boulos K ◽  
Coolbrith N ◽  
Piryatinsky I
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Error Types

Abstract Objective The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is among the most researched cognitive measures and is frequently used to screen for neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). No study to date has investigated the relationship between qualitative errors on the CDT and independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) or discrete cognitive abilities. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the correlations between qualitative errors on the CDT and IADL status as well as performance in individual cognitive domains. Method Data were retrospectively collected from patients seen at an outpatient clinic in eastern Massachusetts, including 16 healthy controls, 22 patients with mild NCD, and 35 patients with major NCD. Analyses were performed between qualitative errors on the CDT and patients’ scores on the Lawton IADL Scale, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), Digit Span Forward and Backward, Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Boston Naming Test (BNT). Results IADL scores were moderately correlated with CDT error types. DRS-2 scores were strongly correlated commission of qualitative errors. Strong to very strong correlations were observed between TMT parts A & B scores and all qualitative error types. BNT performance was strongly correlated with conceptual deficits and spatial/planning errors. Digit Span Forward and Backward scores showed low correlations with all CDT errors. Conclusions Functional status appears only moderately correlated with commission of various CDT errors; however, several cognitive measures showed high correlation with various CDT error types. These findings suggest that certain qualitative errors may be indicative of cognitive impairments warranting further workup. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of the Clock Drawing Test in Fall and Non-Fall Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-388
Author(s):  
Yukiko Suzuki ◽  
Hideki Mochizuki ◽  
Mayuka Oki ◽  
Miyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Mitsuko Fukushima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Error Types

Aim: The clock drawing test (CDT) is widely used as a visual spatial ability test and screening test for dementia patients. The appearance frequency of qualitative errors obtained through the qualitative analysis of CDT may be related to the participant’s falls. The aim of this study was to clarify the difference in the number of people who presented with qualitative errors in the CDT between a fall and non-fall group of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: The CDT was implemented for 47 patients with AD. A quantitative analysis was conducted, and a qualitative analysis was performed for errors. The patients were divided into two groups based on their history of falls over the past year. The results of the CDT quantitative analysis were tested using the Mann-Whitney U test, and Fisher’s exact test was employed to determine the difference in the number of people who presented with error types between the two groups (fall group, non-fall group) in the CDT qualitative analysis. Results: In the quantitative analysis, a significant difference was found for the total scores, with the total CDT score of the fall group (n = 22) significantly lower than that of the non-fall group (n = 25) (p = 0.006, effect size: φ = 0.40). In the qualitative analysis, a significantly higher number of patients in the fall group than in the non-fall group presented with a conceptual deficit (p =0.001, φ = 0.51). No differences were found in the number of patients in the two groups who presented with the other five error types. Conclusions: These results showed that a lower score in the CDT quantitative analysis might suggest an increased risk of falls. It was also clarified that a larger number of patients in the fall group than in the non-fall group presented with a conceptual deficit of the qualitative error types in the CDT. Therefore, these results suggest that the appearance of a conceptual deficit may be an index for the selection of patients with AD prone to falling when implementing fall prevention measures.

The Stick Design Test on the assessment of older adults with low formal education: evidences of construct, criterion-related and ecological validity

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2057-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Jardim de Paula ◽  
Mônica Vieira Costa ◽  
Matheus Bortolosso Bocardi ◽  
Mariana Cortezzi ◽  
Edgar Nunes De Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Visuospatial Abilities ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Drawing Tasks ◽  
State Examination

ABSTRACTBackground:The assessment of visuospatial abilities is usually performed by drawing tasks. In patients with very low formal education, the use of these tasks might be biased by their cultural background. The Stick Design Test was developed for the assessment of this population. We aim to expand the test psychometric properties by assessing its construct, criterion-related and ecological validity in older adults with low formal education.Method:Healthy older adults (n = 63) and Alzheimer's disease patients (n = 92) performed the Stick Design Test, Mini-Mental State Examination, Digit Span Forward and the Clock Drawing Test. Their caregivers answered Personal Care and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living). Construct validity was assessed by factor analysis, convergent correlations (with the Clock Drawing Test), and divergent correlations (with Digit Span Forward); criterion-related validity by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and binary logistic regression; and Ecological validity by correlations with ADL.Results:The test factor structure was composed by one component (R2 = 64%). Significant correlations with the Clock Drawing Test and Digit Span Forward were found, and the relationship was stronger with the first measure. The test was less associated with formal education than the Clock Drawing Test. It classified about 76% of the participants correctly and had and additive effect with the Mini-Mental State Examination (84% of correct classification). The test also correlated significantly with measures of ADL, suggesting ecological validity.Conclusions:The Stick Design Test shows evidence of construct, criterion-related and ecological validity. It is an interesting alternative to drawing tasks for the assessment of visuospatial abilities.

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE AND HYPOTHYROIDISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 2439-2443
Author(s):  
Mariana I. Lesiv ◽  
Victoriia A. Hryb
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Group I

The aim: To determine whether certain cognitive domains exist in the assessment of cognitive functions in HD patients, patients with hypothyroidism and HD patients with concomitant hypothyroidism. Materials and methods:The patients were divided into 3 groups according to nosology: Group I – 21 patients with hypertensive disease (HD); Group II – 18 patients with hypothyroidism, Group III – 19 hypertensive patients with concomitant hypothyroidism. Results:It was revealed that patients with HD had a decrease in memory according to the test proposed by A.R. Luria for learning 10 words, (p<0.05), as well as Digit span from Mattisse scale, (p<0.05). In patients with hypothyroidism, a short span of attention was revealed, according to the method of “Selectivity of attention” (G. Munsterberg test), (p<0.05). The analysis of the results showed that considering the interaction of factors (HD and hypothyroidism), the most affected cognitive domains are memory, executive functions and optical-spatial functions, respectively, (p<0.05). Conclusions: To diagnose CI in patients with HD who have problems with the domain of cognitive function memory, it is advisable to use a test for learning 10 words according to the method proposed by A.R. Luria and Digit span from Mattisse scale. In patients with hypothyroidism, attention and executive functions should be determined using the Schulte Tables and the “Selectivity of Attention” method (G. Munsterberg test). With the combined pathology, HD patients with a concomitant hypothyroidism should use Schulte Tables, test for learning 10 words by A.R. Luria and Clock Drawing Test.

Neuroanatomical correlates of error types on the Clock Drawing Test in Alzheimer's disease patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Nakashima ◽  
Hiroyuki Umegaki ◽  
Taeko Makino ◽  
Katsuhiko Kato ◽  
Shinji Abe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Error Types

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE AND HYPOTHYROIDISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
M. I. Lesiv ◽  
V. A. Hryb
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Group I

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine whether certain cognitive domains exist in the assessment of cognitive functions in HD patients, patients with hypothyroidism and HD patients with concomitant hypothyroidism. Material and methods: The patients were divided into 3 groups according to nosology: Group I – 21 patients with hypertensive disease (HD); Group II – 18 patients with hypothyroidism, Group III – 19 hypertensive patients with concomitant hypothyroidism. Results: It was revealed that patients with HD had a decrease in memory according to the test proposed by A.R. Luria for learning 10 words, (p<0.05), as well as Digit span from Mattisse scale, (p<0.05). In patients with hypothyroidism, a short span of attention was revealed, according to the method of “Selectivity of attention” (G. Munsterberg test), (p<0.05). The analysis of the results showed that considering the interaction of factors (HD and hypothyroidism), the most affected cognitive domains are memory, executive functions and optical-spatial functions, respectively, (p<0.05). Conclusions: To diagnose CI in patients with HD who have problems with the domain of cognitive function memory, it is advisable to use a test for learning 10 words according to the method proposed by A.R. Luria and Digit span from Mattisse scale. In patients with hypothyroidism, attention and executive functions should be determined using the Schulte Tables and the “Selectivity of Attention” method (G. Munsterberg test). With the combined pathology, HD patients with a concomitant hypothyroidism should use Schulte Tables, test for learning 10 words by A.R. Luria and Clock Drawing Test.

scholarly journals Comparison of clinical dementia rating scale and clock drawing test in elderly without dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
A Shamsollah ◽  
A Farhadinasab ◽  
S Noorbakhsh ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Clinical Dementia Rating ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Dementia Rating Scale

scholarly journals Early impairment of cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (2b) ◽  
pp. 406-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florindo Stella ◽  
Lilian T. B. Gobbi ◽  
Sebastião Gobbi ◽  
Merlyn M. Oliani ◽  
Kátia Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Visuospatial Skills ◽  
Disease Rating

BACKGROUND: Impairment in non-motor functions such as disturbances of some executive functions are also common events in Parkinson's disease patients. OBJECTIVE: To verify the performance of Parkinson's disease patients in activities requiring visuoconstructive and visuospatial skills. METHOD: Thirty elderly patients with mild or moderate stages of Parkinson's disease were studied. The assessment of the clinical condition was based on the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (56.28; SD=33.48), Hoehn and Yahr (2.2; SD=0.83), Schwab and England (78.93%), clock drawing test (7.36; SD=2.51), and mini-mental state examination (26.48; SD=10.11). Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The patients presented deterioration in visuospatial and visuoconstructive skills. CONCLUSION: The clock drawing test proved to be a useful predictive tool for identifying early cognitive impairment in thesbe individuals.

scholarly journals Classifying Non-Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease/Vascular Dementia Patients Using Kinematic, Time-Based, and Visuospatial Parameters: The Digital Clock Drawing Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis Davoudi ◽  
Catherine Dion ◽  
Shawna Amini ◽  
Patrick J. Tighe ◽  
Catherine C. Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Digital Clock ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Optimal Area

Background: Advantages of digital clock drawing metrics for dementia subtype classification needs examination. Objective: To assess how well kinematic, time-based, and visuospatial features extracted from the digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) can classify a combined group of Alzheimer’s disease/Vascular Dementia patients versus healthy controls (HC), and classify dementia patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus vascular dementia (VaD). Methods: Healthy, community-dwelling control participants (n = 175), patients diagnosed clinically with Alzheimer’s disease (n = 29), and vascular dementia (n = 27) completed the dCDT to command and copy clock drawing conditions. Thirty-seven dCDT command and 37 copy dCDT features were extracted and used with Random Forest classification models. Results: When HC participants were compared to participants with dementia, optimal area under the curve was achieved using models that combined both command and copy dCDT features (AUC = 91.52%). Similarly, when AD versus VaD participants were compared, optimal area under the curve was, achieved with models that combined both command and copy features (AUC = 76.94%). Subsequent follow-up analyses of a corpus of 10 variables of interest determined using a Gini Index found that groups could be dissociated based on kinematic, time-based, and visuospatial features. Conclusion: The dCDT is able to operationally define graphomotor output that cannot be measured using traditional paper and pencil test administration in older health controls and participants with dementia. These data suggest that kinematic, time-based, and visuospatial behavior obtained using the dCDT may provide additional neurocognitive biomarkers that may be able to identify and tract dementia syndromes.

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