Delayed recognition memory span in HIV-1 infection

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen M. Martin ◽  
David L. Pitrak ◽  
Kenneth J. Pursell ◽  
Kathleen M. Mullane ◽  
Richard M. Novak
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Substance Abusers ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Basal Ganglia Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

AbstractWe administered a spatial version of the Delayed Recognition Span Test (DRST), a working memory task performed abnormally by patients with basal ganglia disease, to a group of 96 HIV-seropositive and 83 seronegative subjects with a high prevalence of substance abuse. For comparison purposes, we also administered the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Trail Making Test (TMT), measures which detect HIV-related mental slowing efficiently in gay men but are nonspecifically impaired in subjects with a history of substance abuse. As predicted, scores on the TMT and the SDMT did not discriminate the groups, but HIV-seropositive subjects had significantly shorter spatial spans (p < .007) and DRST total scores (p < .005). These effects could not be attributed to differences in age, education, estimated intelligence, or psychological distress, because the groups were well matched on these variables. The DRST is a promising measure of HIV-related cognitive dysfunction in substance abusers, who are often nonspecifically impaired on psychomotor tasks. These preliminary data also indicate that working memory function should be studied further in HIV-seropositive subjects. (JINS, 1995, 1, 575–580.)

Putting Things into Perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie R. Brumback ◽  
Kathy A. Low ◽  
Gabriele Gratton ◽  
Monica Fabiani
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Stimulus Sequence ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Operation Span ◽  
Differential Reactivity ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Local Stimulus

Abstract. An important function of working memory is the integration of incoming information into an appropriate model of the contextual situation. We hypothesized that individual variability in working-memory function (estimated using Engle’s operation-span measure) may lead to differential reactivity to a changing context. We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction-time measures to stimuli embedded in long stimulus series (two auditory discrimination tasks), and examined the participants’ responses in relation to how the current stimuli fit with the context generated by the previous stimuli. In both tasks, participants with low working-memory span scores showed larger brain responses as a function of variations in the local stimulus sequence than participants with high span scores. These data suggest that the low working-memory span group is more affected by the local stimulus sequence than the high span group, possibly because they are more easily swayed by ongoing changes and are therefore less capable of maintaining their attention on the overall sequence.

scholarly journals Auditory and Visual Working Memory Are Differentially Related to Carotenoid Status in Preadolescent Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
Corinne Cannavale ◽  
Caitlyn Edwards ◽  
Ruyu Liu ◽  
Samantha Iwinski ◽  
Anne Walk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Preadolescent Children ◽  
Central Illinois ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives Carotenoids are plant pigments known to deposit in neural tissues including the hippocampus, a brain substrate that supports several memory forms. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding carotenoid status and working memory function in children. Accordingly, this study aimed to understand the relationship between macular and skin carotenoids to visual and auditory working memory (WM) function. Methods Seventy preadolescent children (7–12 years, 32 males) were recruited from the East-Central Illinois area. Auditory working memory was assessed using the story recall subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson IV Test of Cognitive Abilities. A subsample (N = 61, 27 males) completed a visual working memory task and reaction time was quantified to determine speed of memory processing at set sizes of 1 to 4 items. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was assessed using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Skin carotenoids were assessed using reflection spectroscopy (Veggie Meter). Hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to assess the relationship between carotenoid status and WM function, while controlling for age, sex, income, and whole-body % fat (DXA). Results Auditory WM was positively associated with skin carotenoids (b = 0.263, P = 0.039) but not MPOD (b = −0.044, P = 0.380). In contrast, MPOD was significantly associated with faster visual WM speed at set size 3 (b = −0.253, P = 0.039) and trending at set sizes of 1 (b = −0.225, P = 0.051), 2 (b = −0.171, P = 0.121), and 4 (b = −0.230, P = 0.055). Interestingly, skin carotenoids were not related to visual WM performance at either set size (all P’s &gt; 0.300). Conclusions These results indicate that auditory and visual WM may be differentially related to carotenoids. While skin carotenoids encompass all carotenoids consumed in diet, lutein and zeaxanthin are the only carotenoids which deposit in the macula. Given that MPOD was only related to visual WM, this suggests lutein plays a larger role in these neural functions relative to auditory WM. Interestingly, MPOD's relationship with visual WM increased in strength with the more difficult trial type (i.e., increasing set size), indicating MPOD is related at higher levels of WM capacity. Funding Sources This study was funded by the Egg Nutrition Center.

scholarly journals Slow manifolds within network dynamics encode working memory efficiently and robustly

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. e1009366
Author(s):  
Elham Ghazizadeh ◽  
ShiNung Ching
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Network State ◽  
Dynamical Systems Analysis ◽  
Activation Profile ◽  
Robust To Noise ◽  
Over Time

Working memory is a cognitive function involving the storage and manipulation of latent information over brief intervals of time, thus making it crucial for context-dependent computation. Here, we use a top-down modeling approach to examine network-level mechanisms of working memory, an enigmatic issue and central topic of study in neuroscience. We optimize thousands of recurrent rate-based neural networks on a working memory task and then perform dynamical systems analysis on the ensuing optimized networks, wherein we find that four distinct dynamical mechanisms can emerge. In particular, we show the prevalence of a mechanism in which memories are encoded along slow stable manifolds in the network state space, leading to a phasic neuronal activation profile during memory periods. In contrast to mechanisms in which memories are directly encoded at stable attractors, these networks naturally forget stimuli over time. Despite this seeming functional disadvantage, they are more efficient in terms of how they leverage their attractor landscape and paradoxically, are considerably more robust to noise. Our results provide new hypotheses regarding how working memory function may be encoded within the dynamics of neural circuits.

The Hard Fall Effect

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémylle Thomassin ◽  
Corentin Gonthier ◽  
Michel Guerraz ◽  
Jean-Luc Roulin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Better Than

Participants with a high working memory span tend to perform better than low spans in a variety of tasks. However, their performance is paradoxically more impaired when they have to perform two tasks at once, a phenomenon that could be labeled the “hard fall effect.” The present study tested whether this effect exists in a short-term memory task, and investigated the proposal that the effect is due to high spans using efficient facilitative strategies under simple task conditions. Ninety-eight participants performed a spatial short-term memory task under simple and dual task conditions; stimuli presentation times either allowed for the use of complex facilitative strategies or not. High spans outperformed low spans only under simple task conditions when presentation times allowed for the use of facilitative strategies. These results indicate that the hard fall effect exists on a short-term memory task and may be caused by individual differences in strategy use.

scholarly journals The SISAP: A New Screening Instrument for Identifying Potential Opioid Abusers in the Management of Chronic Nonmalignant Pain Within General Medical Practice

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B Coambs ◽  
Josée L Jarry ◽  
Anusha C Santhiapillai ◽  
Rixi V Abrahamsohn ◽  
Cristina M Atance
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Substance Abusers ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Screening Instrument ◽  
Prior History ◽  
History Of

BACKGROUND:Many physicians are overly cautious about prescribing opioids for chronic pain because of fears of iatrogenic addiction. However, in patients with chronic pain, addiction to opioid analgesics is exceedingly rare when there is no prior history of alcohol or drug abuse.OBJECTIVE:To validate an instrument that separates possible opioid abusers from those who are at low risk.DESIGN/METHODS:The Screening Instrument for Substance Abuse Potential (SISAP) was designed to identify individuals with a possible substance abuse history quickly and accurately. It is based on the National Alcohol and Drug Use Survey (n=9915). Using the first half of the sample (n=4967), two previously validated alcohol use items were combined with three illicit drug use items. These five questions identified those with a history of alcohol and/or illicit drug use.RESULTS:Using the second half of the sample (n=4948), the validation procedure showed that the five combined items correctly classified 91% of substance abusers and had a low rate of false negatives.DISCUSSION:The SISAP is brief and resistant to misrepresentation or falsification. The SISAP is expected to improve pain management by facilitating focus on the appropriate use of opioid analgesics and therapeutic outcomes in the majority of patients who are not at risk of opioid abuse, while carefully monitoring those who may be at greater risk.

scholarly journals Network Structure During Encoding Predicts Working Memory Performance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anirudh Wodeyar ◽  
Ramesh Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Graphical Model ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Functional Clustering ◽  
Network Properties

ABSTRACTWorking memory operates through networks that integrate distributed modular brain activity. We characterize the structure of networks in different electroencephalographic frequency bands while individuals perform a working memory task. The objective was to identify network properties that support working memory function during the encoding, maintenance, and retrieval of memory. In each EEG frequency band, we estimated a complex-valued Gaussian graphical model to characterize the structure of brain networks using measures from graph theory. Critically, the structural characteristics of brain networks that facilitate performance are all established during encoding, suggesting that they reflect the effect of attention on the quality of the representation in working memory. Segregation of networks in the alpha and beta bands during encoding increased with accuracy. In the theta band, greater integration of functional clusters involving the temporal lobe with other cortical areas predicted faster response time, starting in the encoding interval and persisting throughout the task, indicating that functional clustering facilitates rapid memory manipulation.

scholarly journals Theta Oscillations in Human Cortex During a Working-Memory Task: Evidence for Local Generators

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 1630-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Raghavachari ◽  
J. E. Lisman ◽  
M. Tully ◽  
J. R. Madsen ◽  
E. B. Bromfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Resolution Method ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Human Cortex ◽  
Coordinate Regulation

Cortical theta appears important in sensory processing and memory. Intracanial electrode recordings provide a high spatial resolution method for studying such oscillations during cognitive tasks. Recent work revealed sites at which oscillations in the theta range (4–12 Hz) could be gated by a working-memory task: theta power was increased at task onset and continued until task offset. Using a large data set that has now been collected (10 participants/619 recording sites), we have sufficient sampling to determine how these gated sites are distributed in the cortex and how they are synchronized. A substantial fraction of sites in occipital/parietal (45/157) and temporal (23/280) cortices were gated by the task. Surprisingly, this aspect of working-memory function was virtually absent in frontal cortex (2/182). Coherence measures were used to analyze the synchronization of oscillations. We suspected that because of their coordinate regulation by the working-memory task, gated sites would have synchronized theta oscillations. We found that, whereas nearby gated sites (<20 mm) were often but not always coherent, distant gated sites were almost never coherent. Our results imply that there are local mechanisms for the generation of cortical theta.

Working Memory and Reading: A Life-span Perspective

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda S. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies

The relationships among working memory, memory span, and reading skills were studied in 1266 individuals, aged 6-49. They were administered tests of word recognition, pseudoword decoding, reading comprehension, a working memory (listening span) task that required the simultaneous processing of syntax and the recall of linguistic information, and a short-term memory task that required the recall of rhyming or nonrhyming letters presented visually. The results indicated that there is a gradual growth in the development of working memory skills from ages 6 to 19 and a gradual decline after adolescence. The short-term memory task did not show a decline in performance among older individuals. On both of these memory tasks and at most of the age levels, individuals with a reading disability performed at significantly lower levels than individuals with normal reading skills. An important component of the development of reading skills appears to be memory for verbal information. Age-related declines in memory appear to be related to the processing demands of the task, which may affect the degree to which rehearsal strategies are possible within the task.

Validity Issues in Using the Millon-II with Substance Abusers

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Russell Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Substance Abusers ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Motor Functioning ◽  
Personality Functioning ◽  
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
History Of ◽  
Or History

This study addressed the use of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (Millon-II) in assessing 73 substance abusers. The influence of neuropsychological functioning on personality functioning is discussed and evaluated. Reported history of substance abuse did not significantly relate to measures of neuropsychological or personality functioning. Of the sample, 16.9% produced invalid Millon-II scores; invalidity was not significantly related to demographic characteristics or history of substance abuse. Millon-II profile validity was related to verbal and perceptual-motor functioning. Some neuropsychological variables significantly predicted Millon-II scale scores but with little consistency.

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