A multi-period analysis of a carbon tax including local health feedback: an application to Thailand

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER C. LI
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Ancillary Benefits ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Ancillary Benefit

An ancillary benefit of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation refers to a benefit derived from GHG mitigation that is in addition to the reduction in adverse impacts of global climate change. One type of ancillary benefits of GHG mitigation is reduced local conventional pollutants, which is associated with improved health. Middle-income countries like Thailand are in unique positions to obtain large ancillary health gains from reduced local conventional pollutants when GHG is mitigated by curbing fossil fuel consumption.

scholarly journals Generating Evidence From Contextual Clinical Research in Low- to Middle Income Countries: A Roadmap Based on Theory of Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babar S. Hasan ◽  
Muneera A. Rasheed ◽  
Asra Wahid ◽  
Raman Krishna Kumar ◽  
Liesl Zuhlke
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Global Health Research ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Ministries

Along with inadequate access to high-quality care, competing health priorities, fragile health systems, and conflicts, there is an associated delay in evidence generation and research from LMICs. Lack of basic epidemiologic understanding of the disease burden in these regions poses a significant knowledge gap as solutions can only be developed and sustained if the scope of the problem is accurately defined. Congenital heart disease (CHD), for example, is the most common birth defect in children. The prevalence of CHD from 1990 to 2017 has progressively increased by 18.7% and more than 90% of children with CHD are born in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). If diagnosed and managed in a timely manner, as in high-income countries (HICs), most children lead a healthy life and achieve adulthood. However, children with CHD in LMICs have limited care available with subsequent impact on survival. The large disparity in global health research focus on this complex disease makes it a solid paradigm to shape the debate. Despite many challenges, an essential aspect of improving research in LMICs is the realization and ownership of the problem around paucity of local evidence by patients, health care providers, academic centers, and governments in these countries. We have created a theory of change model to address these challenges at a micro- (individual patient or physician or institutions delivering health care) and a macro- (government and health ministries) level, presenting suggested solutions for these complex problems. All stakeholders in the society, from government bodies, health ministries, and systems, to frontline healthcare workers and patients, need to be invested in addressing the local health problems and significantly increase data to define and improve the gaps in care in LMICs. Moreover, interventions can be designed for a more collaborative and effective HIC-LMIC and LMIC-LMIC partnership to increase resources, capacity building, and representation for long-term productivity.

Environmental Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 363-386
Author(s):  
Barry S. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Marginalized Populations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact

This chapter describes the adverse impact of social injustice on environmental health. Environmental pollution is a social injustice for all people, with a disproportionate impact on low- and middle-income countries and, within countries, low-income people, minority groups, and other marginalized populations. The chapter describes the evolution of the environmental justice movement and the studies that have demonstrated disproportionate exposures and the disproportionate occurrence of pollution-related diseases among low-income people, minority groups, and other marginalized populations. A separate section describes the environmental and health consequences of global climate change. Three text boxes focus on childhood lead poisoning, the impact of natural disasters on social justice, and on the new interdiscipilinary field of planetary health.

scholarly journals Improvement of Early Antenatal Care Initiation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 233339281876148
Author(s):  
Tippawan Liabsuetrakul ◽  
Nurlisa Oumudee ◽  
Masuenah Armeeroh ◽  
Niamina Nima ◽  
Nurosanah Duerahing
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Counseling Intervention ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
Training Modules

Background: Although antenatal care (ANC) coverage has been increasing in low- and middle-income countries, the adherence to the ANC initiation standards at gestational age <12 weeks was inadequate including Thailand. The study aimed to improve the rate of early ANC initiation by training the existing local health volunteers (LHVs) in 3 southernmost provinces of Thailand. Methods: A clustered nonrandomized intervention study was conducted from November 2012 to February 2014. One district of each province was selected to be the study intervention districts for that province. A total of 124 LHVs in the intervention districts participated in the knowledge–counseling intervention. It was organized as half-day workshop using 2 training modules each comprising a 30-minute lecture followed by counseling practice in pairs for 1 hour. Outcome was the rate of early ANC initiation among women giving birth, and its association with intervention, meeting an LHV, and months after training was analyzed. Results: Of 6677 women, 3178 and 3499 women were in the control and intervention groups, respectively. Rates of early ANC were significantly improved after the intervention (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-1.43, P < .001) and meeting an LHV (adjusted OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.86-2.29, P < .001), but lower at 6 months after training (adjusted OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60-0.96, P = .002). Almost all women (99.7%) in the intervention group who met an LHV reported that they were encouraged to attend early ANC. Conclusion: Training LHVs in communities by knowledge–counseling intervention significantly improved early ANC initiation, but the magnitude of change was still limited.

scholarly journals The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5°C

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6459) ◽  
pp. eaaw6974 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Hoegh-Guldberg ◽  
D. Jacob ◽  
M. Taylor ◽  
T. Guillén Bolaños ◽  
M. Bindi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Special Report ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Global Mean Surface Temperature ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Global Mean

Increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases have led to a global mean surface temperature 1.0°C higher than during the pre-industrial period. We expand on the recent IPCC Special Report on global warming of 1.5°C and review the additional risks associated with higher levels of warming, each having major implications for multiple geographies, climates, and ecosystems. Limiting warming to 1.5°C rather than 2.0°C would be required to maintain substantial proportions of ecosystems and would have clear benefits for human health and economies. These conclusions are relevant for people everywhere, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where the escalation of climate-related risks may prevent the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

scholarly journals Scaling-Up NCD Interventions in South-East Asia (SUNI-SEA) - the cost evaluation of life-style related NCD interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Koot
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Up ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Universal Health

Abstract Vietnam, Myanmar, and Indonesia are trying to create innovative synergies within and between sectors to prevent and treat NCDs. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is the objective of these countries. The challenge for decision makers in healthcare is to implement programmes and interventions that effectively contain NCDs at the lowest possible cost both in community-based and primary care facilities. The value of implementation and upscaling is assessed by estimating costs, savings and health gains. The presentation focuses on cost-effectiveness evaluation of the entire scaling-up, allowing for comparison within and among countries and generate recommendations for achieving UHC in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Financial toxicity due to breast cancer treatment in low- and middle-income countries: evidence from Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Thu Ngan ◽  
Hoang Van Minh ◽  
Michael Donnelly ◽  
Ciaran O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Financial Toxicity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals

Abstract Background This study examined the financial toxicity faced by breast cancer (BC) patients in Vietnam and the factors associated with the risk and degree of that toxicity. Methods A total of 309 BC patients/survivors completed an online survey (n=209) or a face-to-face interview (n=100) at two tertiary hospitals. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests were used to identify and analyse the forms and degree of financial toxicity faced by BC patients/survivors. A Cragg hurdle model assessed variation in risk and the degree of financial toxicity due to treatment. Results 41% of respondents faced financial toxicity due to BC treatment costs. The mean amount of money that exceeded BC patients/survivors’ ability to pay was 153 million Vietnamese Dong (VND) ($6602) and ranged from 2.42 million VND to 1358 million VND ($104–58,413). A diagnosis at stage II or III of BC was associated with 16.0 and 18.0 million VND (~$690–777) more in the degree of financial toxicity compared with patients who were diagnosed at stage 0/I, respectively. Being retired or married or having full (100%) health insurance was associated with a decrease in the degree of financial toxicity. Conclusions A significant proportion of Vietnamese BC patients/survivors face serious financial toxicity due to BC treatment costs. There is a need to consider the introduction of measures that would attenuate this hardship and promote uptake of screening for the reduction in financial toxicity as well as the health gains it may achieve through earlier detection of cancer.

Ancillary benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination in middle-income countries

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malembe S. Ebama ◽  
Susan Y. Chu ◽  
Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner ◽  
Kathryn E. Lafond ◽  
Margaret McCarron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Ancillary Benefits ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Seasonal Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Middle Income Countries

scholarly journals Zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030: insights from modelling

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1564
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Campaign ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Dog-mediated rabies continues to kill tens of thousands of people every year in low- and middle-income countries despite being an entirely vaccine-preventable disease. WHO and partners have launched a global campaign to reach zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030. The primary tools for reaching this target are mass dog vaccination to control and interrupt transmission in domestic dog populations that maintain infection, and appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies-exposed persons to prevent the fatal onset of disease. Models have been developed to assess the feasibility, impact and cost-effectiveness of these measures. From these models, we argue that the 2030 target of zero human rabies deaths is achievable, but will require concerted effort, engagement and investment. A proposed Gavi investment in human rabies vaccines has potential to drive progress towards the 2030 target; however, concomitant investment is needed to scale up mass dog vaccination or this target will be missed. Predicted economic benefits of mass dog vaccination vary according to national PEP provisioning and access to care. Integrated Bite Case Management can enhance surveillance and rationalize PEP use, but needs adapting to and integrating within local health systems and international reporting systems to improve PEP accountability, monitor impacts and support verification of disease freedom. Modelling is required for projecting more realistic and geographically specific timelines for achieving targets, in line with the implementation of interventions. The greatest risk to the ‘Zero by 30’ strategy is the limited long-term cross-sectoral or targeted financing to support countries to deliver and sustain mass dog vaccination.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document