Is natural openness or trade policy good for the environment?

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Yamarik ◽  
Sucharita Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Factor Endowment ◽  
Trade And Environment ◽  
Population Geography ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trade Share

AbstractIn this paper, we estimate the individual effects of natural openness and trade policy on air pollution. Natural openness is the component of the trade share (imports and exports as a percentage of GDP) attributable to population, geography and factor endowment differences. We find that natural openness reduces air pollution, while trade policy has a limited impact. The implication is that ‘natural’ geographic and endowment differences play a more important role than deliberate trade policy decisions in explaining the trade and environment link.

ALTERNATIVE ROUTES TO INNOVATION — THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050006
Author(s):  
DAG INGVAR JACOBSEN ◽  
TORE HILLESTAD ◽  
BIRGITTE YTTRI ◽  
JARLE HILDRUM
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Organic Structure ◽  
Configurational Approach ◽  
Culture Strength ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Collective Phenomenon ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Alternative Routes ◽  
Innovative Culture ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

A configurational approach to organizations assumes that structural and cultural characteristics must be in “fit” to produce the wanted outcome. With a focus on innovation, this study examines empirically to what extent innovative activities with a large, global telecom company are produced by an innovative culture, an innovative structure, as well as the fit between the two. Based on an extensive survey (N = 21064, response rate = 65) of employees in seven countries in Europe and Asia, data was aggregated to unit level as culture by nature is a collective phenomenon. The empirical analysis detected both the individual effects of culture strength and homogeneity, structure, as well as the fit between the two. The results indicate that an innovative culture and an organic structure indeed fosters innovation, but that, somewhat surprisingly, there are not effects of the fit between the two. Both practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Factors influencing the individual effects of blood transfusions on oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption*

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S173-S179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Casutt ◽  
Burkhardt Seifert ◽  
Thomas Pasch ◽  
Edith R. Schmid ◽  
Marko I. Turina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals Influence of process variables on release properties of paracetamol tablets

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gbenga Alebiowu ◽  
Oludele Itiola
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Pregelatinized Starch ◽  
Tablet Formulations ◽  
Binder Concentration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Paracetamol Tablet

Influence of process variables on release properties of paracetamol tablets A 23 factorial experimental design has been used to quantitatively study individual and interaction effects of the nature of binder (N), binder concentration (c) and relative density of tablet (d) on the disintegration time (DT) and dissolution times, t1, t50 and t90, of paracetamol tablet formulations. The factorial design was also used to study the quantitative effects of pregelatinization of starch binders on these parameters, i.e., N, c and d. In general, the most common ranking of the individual effects on DT, t1, t50 and t90 for native/native, pregelatinized/pregelatinized and native/pregelatinized starch binder formulations was c > d > N. For interaction effects, the most common ranking was N-c > c-d > N-d for all formulations. The results generally showed that c can considerably affect DT, t1, t50 and t90 of the tablets.

scholarly journals The tolerogenic interplay(s) among HLA-G, myeloid APCs, and regulatory cells

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (25) ◽  
pp. 6499-6505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgardo D. Carosella ◽  
Silvia Gregori ◽  
Joel LeMaoult
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regulatory Cells ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Abstract Myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs), regulatory cells, and the HLA-G molecule are involved in modulating immune responses and promoting tolerance. APCs are known to induce regulatory cells and to express HLA-G as well as 2 of its receptors; regulatory T cells can express and act through HLA-G; and HLA-G has been directly involved in the generation of regulatory cells. Thus, interplay(s) among HLA-G, APCs, and regulatory cells can be easily envisaged. However, despite a large body of evidence on the tolerogenic properties of HLA-G, APCs, and regulatory cells, little is known on how these tolerogenic players cooperate. In this review, we first focus on key aspects of the individual relationships between HLA-G, myeloid APCs, and regulatory cells. In its second part, we highlight recent work that gathers individual effects and demonstrates how intertwined the HLA-G/myeloid APCs/regulatory cell relationship is.

Lack of interaction of hyperpnoea with methacholine and histamine in asthma

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suree SOMPRADEEKUL ◽  
Rana HEJAL ◽  
Melissa McLANE ◽  
K. A. LENNER ◽  
J. A. NELSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Bronchial Responsiveness ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Airway Calibre ◽  
Effector Mechanisms

1.The thermal precipitants of asthma (exercise and hyperventilation) appear to have a unique pathogenesis that does not alter bronchial responsiveness. In the present work, we tested whether hyperpnoea interacts with other constrictor stimuli. 2.To provide data on this issue, we exposed 17 subjects with asthma to isocapnic hyperventilation of frigid air (HV), methacholine (METH) and histamine (HIS) alone and in combination. 3.With HV (mean ventilation = 55.6±7.7 litres/min), METH (2.20±0.7 ;mmol/l) and HIS (10.35±5.04 ;mmol/l) alone, the decrements in forced expiratory volume in 1 ;s (FEV1) from baseline were 27.4±3.4, 27.4±3.8 and 32.4±3% respectively (n = 9). Giving the agonists simultaneously did not produce additive effects (ΔFEV1 HV+METH = 32.8±3.6%; HV+HIS = 28.7±5.1%). None of the individual or combined responses was significantly different from each other. Changing the sequence of the experiments and giving METH at the height of the HV-induced bronchial narrowing, instead of during hyperpnoea, did not alter the findings (n = 8). The maximum fall in FEV1 after both bronchoconstrictors in this experiment (ΔFEV1 = 32.3±4.3%) was not significantly different from either alone (HV = 22.8±1.0%; METH = 27.3±1.9%). When METH and HIS were administered together, however (n = 5), a positive interaction ensued (METH = 1.53±0.56 ;mmol/l, ΔFEV1 = 15.6±4.6%; HIS = 4.77±2.07 ;mmol/l, ΔFEV1 = 18.8±3.1%; METH+HIS ΔFEV1 = 33.4±5.2%; P< 0.001 compared with the individual effects). 4.These results indicate that HV does not interact with stimuli that directly or indirectly modulate airway calibre. It is unclear if this effect represents protection conferred from increased bronchial blood flow or derives from differences in effector mechanisms between the thermal and pharmacological agonists.

scholarly journals Impact of air pollution and smoking on COVID-19: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaytha Vijayakumar ◽  
A. Sabu ◽  
M. Haridas
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Earth Day ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background The 21st century already witnessed many deadly epidemics and pandemics. The major ones were respiratory tract infections like SARS (2003), H1N1 (2009), MERS (2012) and the most recent pandemic COVID-19 (2019). The COVID-19 story begins when pneumonia of unknown cause was reported in the WHO country office of China at the end of 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent that enters the host through the receptor ACE2, a component of the renin–angiotensin system. Main body of the abstract Symptoms of COVID-19 varies from patient to patient. It is all about the immunity and health status of the individual that decides the severity of the disease. The review focuses on the significant and often prevailing factors, those that influence the lung function. The factors that compromise the lung functions which may prepare the ground for severe COVID-19 infection are interestingly looked into. Focus was more on air pollution and cigarette smoke. Short conclusion The fact that the forested areas across the world show very low COVID-19 infection rate suggests that we are in need of the “Clean Air” on the fiftieth anniversary of World Earth Day. As many policies are implemented worldwide to protect from SARS-CoV-2, one simple remedy that we forgot was clean air can save lives. SARS-CoV-2 infects our lungs, and air pollution makes us more susceptible. In this crucial situation, the focus is only on the main threat; all other conditions are only in words to console the situation.

Interazione: modificazione dell’associazione tra esposizione ed esito al variare di un terzo fattore

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Francesco Franco ◽  
Anteo Di Napoli
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
Multiplicative Model ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Expected Effect ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
The Individual

From a statistical perspective, interaction (effect modification) occurs when the effect of an exposure on an outcome depends on the level of another factor. In epidemiology, effect modification (interaction) occurs if the joint effect of two (or more) factors is different from the expected effect if considering only their independent effects. In an additive model, the effect of one exposure is added to effect of another exposure, and there is interaction if the joint effect of the two exposures together is greater than the sum of their individual effects. In a multiplicative model, the effect of the second exposure multiplies the effect of the first exposure, and there is interaction if the joint effect of the two exposures together is greater than the product of their individual effects. Interaction of two (or more) factors is synergic or antagonistic if the total effect is, respectively, greater or smaller than the sum of the individual effects of each factor. (Epidemiology_statistics)

Environmental and geographical effects on fog occurrence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Hunova ◽  
Marek Brabec ◽  
Marek Malý ◽  
Alexandru Dumitrescu ◽  
Jan Geletič
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Tensor Product ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Seasonal Component ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Individual

&lt;p&gt;Fog is a very complex phenomenon (Gultepe et al., 2007). In some areas it can contribute substantially to hydrological and chemical inputs and is therefore of high environmental relevance (Blas et al., 2010). Fog formation is affected by numerous factors, such as meteorology, air pollution, terrain (geomorphology), and land-use.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In our earlier studies we addressed the role of meteorology and air pollution on fog occurrence (H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225; et al., 2018) and long-term trends in fog occurrence in Central Europe (H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225; et al., 2020). This study builds on earlier model identification of year-to-year and seasonal components in fog occurrence and brings an analysis of the deformation of the above components due to the individual explanatory variables. The aim of this study was to indicate the geographical and environmental factors affecting the fog occurrence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; We have examined the data on fog occurrence from 56 meteorological stations of various types from Romania reflecting different environments and geographical areas. We used long-term records from the 1981&amp;#8211;2017 period.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; We considered both the individual explanatory variables and their interactions. With respect to geographical factors, we accounted for the altitude and landform. With respect to environmental factors,&amp;#160;&amp;#160; we accounted for proximity of large water bodies, and proximity of forests. Geographical data from Copernicus pan-European (e.g. CORINE land cover, high resolution layers) and local (e.g. Urban Atlas) projects were used. Elevation data from EU-DEM v1.1 were source for morphometric analysis (Copernicus, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; &amp;#160;We applied a generalized additive model, GAM (Wood, 2017; Hastie &amp; Tibshirani, 1990) to address nonlinear trend shapes in a formalized and unified way. In particular, we employed penalized spline approach with cross-validated penalty coefficient estimation. To explore possible deformations of annual and seasonal components with various covariates of interest, we used (penalized) tensor product splines to model (two-way) interactions parsimoniously, Wood (2006).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; The fog occurrence showed significant decrease over the period under review. In general the selected explanatory variables significantly affected the fog occurrence and their effect was non-linear. Our results indicated that, the geographical and environmental variables affected primarily the seasonal component of the model. Of the factors which were accounted for, it was mainly the altitude showing the clear effect on seasonal component deformation (H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225; et al., in press).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blas, M, Polkowska, Z., Sobik, M., et al. (2010). Atmos. Res. 95, 455&amp;#8211;469.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (2020). Accessed online at: https://land.copernicus.eu/.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelidis, S.C., Cermak, J., Bott, A. et al. (2007). Pure Appl Geophys, 164, 1121-1159.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hastie, T.J., Tibshirani, R.J. (1990). Generalized Additive Models. Boca Raton, Chapman &amp; Hall/CRC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225;, I., Brabec, M., Mal&amp;#253;, M., Dumitrescu, A., Geleti&amp;#269;, J. (in press) Sci. Total Environ. 144359.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225;, I., Brabec, M., Mal&amp;#253;, M., Valeri&amp;#225;nov&amp;#225;, A. (2018) Sci. Total Environ. 636, 1490&amp;#8211;1499.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;H&amp;#367;nov&amp;#225;, I., Brabec, M., Mal&amp;#253;, M., Valeri&amp;#225;nov&amp;#225;, A. (2020) Sci. Total Environ. 711, 135018.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wood, S.N. (2006) Low rank scale invariant tensor product smooths for generalized additive mixed models. Biometrics 62(4):1025-1036&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wood, S.N. (2017). Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R (2nd ed). Boca Raton, Chapman &amp; Hall/CRC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Well-Being

Life's Values ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 71-115
Author(s):  
Alan H. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Good Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Successful Theory ◽  
Desire Satisfaction ◽  
Personal Value ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Individual

Well-being is what makes life valuable or good for the individual whose life it is. It is the all-inclusive category of personal value. This chapter evaluates the leading accounts: hedonism (pleasure is the measure of well-being), perfectionism (development of human capacities is the measure), objective lists (numerous objective goods make up a good life), and desire satisfaction. Fatal objections are raised to the first three, and an idealized desire satisfaction account is defended against objections typically raised by others to this kind of theory. The successful theory must capture our concept, unify and explain why various things are good for individual persons, and show why we are rationally motivated to pursue well-being.

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