scholarly journals Modeling of word translation: Activation flow from concepts to lexical items

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARDI ROELOFS ◽  
TON DIJKSTRA ◽  
SVETLANA GERAKAKI
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Discrete Models ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Continuous Models ◽  
Discrete Flow ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Lexical Items

Whereas most theoretical and computational models assume a continuous flow of activation from concepts to lexical items in spoken word production, one prominent model assumes that the mapping of concepts onto words happens in a discrete fashion (Bloem & La Heij, 2003). Semantic facilitation of context pictures on word translation has been taken to support the discrete-flow model. Here, we report results of computer simulations with the continuous-flow WEAVER++ model (Roelofs, 1992, 2006) demonstrating that the empirical observation taken to be in favor of discrete models is, in fact, only consistent with those models and equally compatible with more continuous models of word production by monolingual and bilingual speakers. Continuous models are specifically and independently supported by other empirical evidence on the effect of context pictures on native word production.

scholarly journals QUASI-PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF THE RELATIVISTIC TODA HIERARCHY

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 1250030 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONG GONG ◽  
XIANGUO GENG
Keyword(s):  
Meromorphic Function ◽  
Periodic Solutions ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Hyperelliptic Curve ◽  
Algebraic Curves ◽  
Asymptotic Properties ◽  
Toda Hierarchy ◽  
Discrete Flow

On the basis of the theory of algebraic curves, the continuous flow and discrete flow related to the relativistic Toda hierarchy are straightened out using the Abel–Jacobi coordinates. The meromorphic function and the Baker–Akhiezer function are introduced on the hyperelliptic curve. Quasi-periodic solutions of the relativistic Toda hierarchy are constructed with the help of the asymptotic properties and the algebro-geometric characters of the meromorphic function and the hyperelliptic curve.

Discrete Models for Particle Packings

1992 ◽  
Vol 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jagota ◽  
E.I. Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Particle Motion ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Effective Conductivity ◽  
Packing Fraction ◽  
Random Packing ◽  
Simultaneous Equations ◽  
Discrete Models ◽  
Particle Center ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Particle Packings

AbstractDiscrete computational models for the viscosities, sintering rates, and transport properties of sintering particle packings are presented. The packing is represented by a set of nodes (the particle centroids) connected by links (inter-particle contacts). The models for the mechanical behavior enforce equilibrium for each particle which leads to a set of simultaneous equations for the particle motion. Electrical or thermal transport through inter-particle contacts is modelled by imposing zero net flux at a node which also leads to a set of simultaneous equations for the value of potential at each particle center. The model is used to simulate the compaction of spheres to generate a threedimensional random packing. Statistical properties of the computed packing such as packing fraction, percolation threshold, and coordination number are compared with those of an experimental random packing. Results are also presented for the effective conductivity of mixtures of particles with very different conductivities.

Multilink: a computational model for bilingual word recognition and word translation

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 657-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
TON DIJKSTRA ◽  
ALEXANDER WAHL ◽  
FRANKA BUYTENHUIJS ◽  
NINO VAN HALEM ◽  
ZINA AL-JIBOURI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Word Comprehension ◽  
Reference Framework ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Lexical Similarity ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Direction Model

The computational BIA+ model (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002) has provided a useful account for bilingual word recognition, while the verbal (pre-quantitative) RHM (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) has often served as a reference framework for bilingual word production and translation. According to Brysbaert and Duyck (2010), a strong need is felt for a unified implemented account of bilingual word comprehension, lexical-semantic processing, and word production. With this goal in mind, we built a localist-connectionist model, called Multilink, which integrates basic assumptions of both BIA+ and RHM. It simulates the recognition and production of cognates (form-similar translation equivalents) and non-cognates of different lengths and frequencies in tasks like monolingual and bilingual lexical decision, word naming, and word translation production. It also considers effects of lexical similarity, cognate status, relative L2-proficiency, and translation direction. Model-to-model comparisons show that Multilink provides higher correlations with empirical data than both IA and BIA+ models.

scholarly journals A Review of Cell-Based Computational Modeling in Cancer Biology

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Metzcar ◽  
Yafei Wang ◽  
Randy Heiland ◽  
Paul Macklin
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Discrete Models ◽  
Simulation Studies

Cancer biology involves complex, dynamic interactions between cancer cells and their tissue microenvironments. Single-cell effects are critical drivers of clinical progression. Chemical and mechanical communication between tumor and stromal cells can co-opt normal physiologic processes to promote growth and invasion. Cancer cell heterogeneity increases cancer’s ability to test strategies to adapt to microenvironmental stresses. Hypoxia and treatment can select for cancer stem cells and drive invasion and resistance. Cell-based computational models (also known as discrete models, agent-based models, or individual-based models) simulate individual cells as they interact in virtual tissues, which allows us to explore how single-cell behaviors lead to the dynamics we observe and work to control in cancer systems. In this review, we introduce the broad range of techniques available for cell-based computational modeling. The approaches can range from highly detailed models of just a few cells and their morphologies to millions of simpler cells in three-dimensional tissues. Modeling individual cells allows us to directly translate biologic observations into simulation rules. In many cases, individual cell agents include molecular-scale models. Most models also simulate the transport of oxygen, drugs, and growth factors, which allow us to link cancer development to microenvironmental conditions. We illustrate these methods with examples drawn from cancer hypoxia, angiogenesis, invasion, stem cells, and immunosurveillance. An ecosystem of interoperable cell-based simulation tools is emerging at a time when cloud computing resources make software easier to access and supercomputing resources make large-scale simulation studies possible. As the field develops, we anticipate that high-throughput simulation studies will allow us to rapidly explore the space of biologic possibilities, prescreen new therapeutic strategies, and even re-engineer tumor and stromal cells to bring cancer systems under control.

Discrete models/continuous models

Omega ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph W. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Models ◽  
Continuous Models

Second language experience influences salience of phonological units in spoken word production in the first language

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110310
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Andus Wing-Kuen Wong ◽  
Hsuan-Chih Chen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Research Question ◽  
First Language ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Spoken Word Production ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Phonological Units

Research question: Previous research suggests that the grain size of primary phonological units (PUs) in spoken word production is language-specific (e.g., phonemic segments in Germanic languages, and atonal syllables in Chinese). When the two languages of bilingual speakers have different primary PUs in their native speakers, will first language (L1) phonological processing be influenced by second language (L2) experience? Methodology: In a picture–word interference task, native Chinese speakers who spoke English as L2 were required to say aloud the predesignated L1 name of a picture while ignoring a written L1 character superimposed on the picture. The picture name shared a certain phonological component (i.e., rhyme or atonal syllable) with the distractor in the related condition but not in the unrelated condition. Data and analysis: Data of 186 participants from eight originally independent experiments were pooled. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on subject means to investigate whether the effects of rhyme relatedness and syllable relatedness on L1 naming latency were influenced by L2 self-rated proficiency, age of acquisition (AoA), and/or years of use. Trial-by-trial data were then analyzed with linear mixed-effects modeling. Findings: Both the rhyme effect and the syllable effect increased with years of L2 use, indicating that the salience of PUs in L1 spoken word production can be influenced by L2 experience. Originality: The current study adopted a chronometric approach to investigate the influence of L2 experience on phonological processing during L1 spoken word production. Importantly, multiple aspects of L2 experience (i.e., self-rated proficiency, AoA, and years of use) were examined at the same time in a relatively large sample. Implications: The current findings provide evidence for backward transfer of primary PUs in spoken word production, which demonstrates the plasticity of the phonological encoding process in bilingual speakers. These findings are discussed and compared with cross-language transfer of phonological awareness in the discussion.

scholarly journals Cross-categorial gradability in Logoori

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Margit Bowler ◽  
John Gluckman
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Item ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Mass Nouns ◽  
Count Nouns ◽  
Theoretical Claim ◽  
Gradable Predicates ◽  
Lexical Items

The central empirical observation of this paper is that there are polysemous lexical items in a number of unrelated languages that have similar, not intuitively related, meanings. These meanings are 'to arrive'/'to reach,' 'to be enough,' and 'must.' The central theoretical claim of this paper is based on a case study of one such polysemous lexical item in Logoori (Bantu, JE 41; Kenya). We argue that these three meanings all arise from a single semantic denotation that is sensitive to a shared gradable component in the semantics of linguistic expressions referring to spatial paths, gradable predicates, measures of plural count nouns/mass nouns, and modals. The main theoretical issue addressed in this paper is the application of ordered, abstract scales in a model of grammar. This paper is an abridged version of Bowler & Gluckman, to appear.

A SUMMARY OF SOFTWARE RELIABILITY DEMONSTRATION TESTING MODELS

1999 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
KIYOSHI SAWADA ◽  
HIROAKI SANDOH
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Software Reliability ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Discrete Models ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Software Failures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Continuous Models ◽  
Software Product

This paper summarizes models for software reliability demonstration testing (SRDT). The models are briefly classified into three types: (1) continuous models, (2) discrete models and (3) models considering damage sizes of software failures. Under the continuous models, the software product of interest is tested for time t and is accepted if the number of software failures in the test does not exceed a prespecified integer s. The values of design variables, t and s are determined based on (i) the concept of a statistical test (a statistical model) and (ii) the Kullback–Leibler information (a K–L model). The K–L model has less parameters to be prespecified than the statistical model. Under the discrete models for SRDT, the software of interest is tested with n input data sets and is accepted if the number of input data sets causing software failures in the test does not exceed a prespecified integer c. A statistical model as well as a K–L model is described for the discrete models. Neither continuous nor discrete models in the above take the damage size of software failures into consideration. The third type of models are continuous and discrete models which consider the cumulative damage size caused by software failures as well as the number of software failures in the test.

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