Code-switching and language control

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID W. GREEN ◽  
LI WEI
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Production Mechanism ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Interactional Context ◽  
Dense Code ◽  
Language Control

Bilingual speakers can use one of their languages in a given interactional context or switch between them when addressing different speakers during the same conversation. Depending on community usage bilingual speakers may insert single lexical forms from one language into the morphosyntactic frame of another or alternate between languages at clause boundaries. They may also engage in dense code switching with rapid changes of language within a clause during a conversational turn (Green & Li, 2014). These varieties of language use configure the same speech production mechanism and so a theory of code-switching must be part of a theory that accounts for the range of bilingual speech. Does the proposal described in Goldrick, Putnam and Schwartz (2016) meet these criteria?

Linguistic Dominance in Code Switching and Code Mixing Situations (Case of Study the Bilinguals with Albanian as L1)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
Rrezarta Draçini
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Usage Level

Abstract Code switching and code mixing are processes, which happen often to bilingual speakers, depending on the linguistic situations in which they find themselves. These two processes are well known and are being studied for a long time. But, in this work we will concentrate on bilinguals with the Albanian language as L1, because there is a substantial lack of studies for the Albanian language and this particular situation. In the center of this work are the concrete examples, studied and analyzed. We will analyze: the effect that linguistic features of L1 have, while code switching and code mixing occur, because the Albanian language has a grammatical which is complex and is different from that of other languages, like English. The displacement that speakers have from one place to the other cause the relations of language use on the day to day basis communication to change, consequently different linguistic situations occur. How does the effect that L1, L2 languages change in relation to the everyday usage level from the speakers? In the code mixing process a code breach of one language occurs as a consequence of the inclusion in the language production of elements from another language. What are the linguistic features of the words which are included in the code mixing? Parts of our study are Albanian speaking subject, who live in Albania and outside, which have been recorded as they communicate in different linguistic situations. Their analysis has been conducted based on the latest linguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic literature.

Language choice and code-switching among Hong Kong’s Hakka speakers

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-83
Author(s):  
Sherman Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Linguistic Resource ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Community Shifts

Abstract This paper examines the language practices among speakers of Hakka in Hong Kong, a minority Chinese variety still found in the territory. These speakers were largely monolingual a few decades ago but are now primarily bilingual in Hakka and Cantonese as the community shifts towards the latter, the dominant societal language. To explore the process and dynamics of this language shift, the present study adopted an ethnographic approach for observing the actual bilingual behaviours of individuals and families in the community. The informant sample comprised 32 speakers aged between 9 and 82 from nine separate families across Hong Kong. Data was collected through a combination of participant observation, informal interviews and conversational exchanges in the informants’ homes. Examination of their patterns of language choice and language use shows that most of the speakers use Cantonese-dominant patterns, and are ‘shifters’ rather than ‘maintainers’ of the Hakka language; the shift is clearly generation and age-related. The paper also illustrates how bilingual speakers make use of code-switching between Hakka and Cantonese to achieve various discourse purposes in their everyday conversations, suggesting that even among the ‘language shifters’, Hakka remains an important linguistic resource.

Is lexical selection in bilingual speech production language-specific? Further evidence from Spanish–English and English–Spanish bilinguals

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Costa ◽  
Alfonso Caramazza
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
L2 Spanish ◽  
Naming Latencies ◽  
Spanish Bilinguals

In this study we address the question of how lexical selection is achieved by bilingual speakers during speech production. Specifically, we test whether there is competition between the two lexicons of a bilingual during lexical access. In two picture–word interference experiments we explore the performance of two groups of bilinguals, English–Spanish and Spanish–English proficient bilinguals while naming pictures either in their L1 (Spanish) or in their L2 (Spanish). Picture naming was facilitated when the name of the picture and the distracter word were the “same”, regardless of the language in which the distracter was printed: same-language (e.g., mesa–mesa [table in Spanish]) or different-language pairs (e.g., mesa–table). The magnitude of this facilitatory effect was similar when naming in L1 (Experiment 1) and in L2 (Experiment 2). We also found that naming latencies were slower when the distracter word was semantically related to the picture's name (e.g., mesa–chair), regardless of the language in which the distracter was printed. The results suggest that there is no competition between the two lexicons of a bilingual during lexical access for production. This interpretation favors a model of lexical access in which lexical selection is language-specific both when speaking in L1 and in L2.

scholarly journals Code-Switching on Advertisement: A Case of Food Advertisements in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Eugenie Mainake
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Food Advertisements ◽  
Public Perspective ◽  
Tv Commercials ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

Code-switching is a natural linguistic phenomenon for individuals who understand and use two or more languages interchangeably. Grosjean (2010) argues that code-switching will likely occur to bilingual speakers’ speech. Hoffman (1991) confirms that a code-switching is a form of speech creativity of bilinguals. Recently, studies have shown that code-switching is also found on TV commercials in some multilingual countries. In Indonesia alone, Da Silva (2014) has investigated the frequency of English words in Indonesian TV advertisements and Sintya’s (2017) study also disseminated products whose advertisements were Indonesian-English code-switching. The present study further explored particular ads, food products for code-switching, and the types of code-switching used. The findings revealed Indonesian-English switches and demonstrated intra-sentential switching as the dominantly used switch in the advertisements. The study proposed to investigate the public perspective on such code-switching and the impacts towards the public interest of purchasing the products. Lastly, the author finds it important to view the

scholarly journals Code-Switching, Language Emotionality and Identity in Junot Díaz’s “Invierno”

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
María Jesús Sánchez ◽  
Elisa Pérez-García
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
First Language ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Linguistic Activity ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Code-switching (CS) is a linguistic activity typical of bilingual speakers, and thus, a central feature characterising Latino/a literature. The present study reads Junot Díaz’s “Invierno,” a short story from This Is How You Lose Her (2012), with a focus on the oral code-switches that the bilingual Latino/a characters make from English—their second language (L2)—to Spanish—their first language (L1). More specifically, it explores the relationship between CS, language emotionality and identity. The Spanish code-switches are analysed in terms of the emotionality degree they elicit and, linguistically, according to frequency and type—intersentential CS, intrasentential CS and tag-switching. The results reveal a low percentage of Spanish vocabulary, which, nevertheless, fills the story with Latino-Dominican touches and transports the reader to the Caribbean lifestyle. This is probably due to the fact that most are emotionally charged words and expressions, which supports the idea that the frequency of CS to L1 increases when talking about emotional topics with known interlocutors. Thefindings suggest that the L1 and the L2 play different roles in the characters’ lives: the former is preferred for cultural and emotional expressions and is the language the one they identify with more, while the latter is colder and more objective.

Summary and conclusion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gafaranga
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Interactional Functions ◽  
New Research

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. However, as a result of its success, the research tradition now faces an entirely new challenge: Where to from here? How can research in code-switching continue to be relevant and interesting now it has largely achieved its original purpose? This book has argued that, in order to overcome this challenge, the notion of bilingualism itself must be redefined. Bilingualism must be seen as consisting of diverse interactional practices and be investigated as such. This book has made the case for this new approach, outlined a methodology for investigating bilingualism as interactional practices and illustrated it by means of three case studies. This concluding chapter wraps up the argument and invites other researchers to contribute to this new research direction.

Language choice and conversational repair in bilingual interaction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gafaranga
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Additional Resource ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Language Alternation ◽  
Conversational Repair ◽  
Research Questions

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. Now that code-switching has been rehabilitated, the research tradition faces an entirely new challenge, namely that of its continued relevance. This book argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, research should aim to describe specific interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages and outlines a methodology for doing so. This chapter illustrates this methodology by means of a specific case study. The chapter describes the interactional practice of conversational repair in bilingual interaction. Two research questions are raised: (a) where in the repair sequence can language alternation occur and (b) what does language alternation do when it occurs in repair sequences. It is shown that language alternation interacts with repair organisation in two ways. Either language alternation is the focus of conversational repair or it is an additional resource for the organisation of conversational repair.

Miwa Nishimura, Japanese/English code-switching: Syntax and pragmatics. (Berkeley insights in linguistics and semiotics, 24.) New York: Peter Lang, 1997. Pp. xx, 176. Hb $43.95.

1999 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-470
Author(s):  
Noriko O. Onodera
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
Intended Audience ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Japanese English

This book reminds us that code-switching is not only a classic topic, but also an important and highly challenging one. In distinction from previous studies, this work reveals that a bilingual community of second-generation Japanese Canadians (Niseis), in Toronto, has three distinct types of bilingual speech: a basically Japanese variety, a basically English variety, and a mixed variety. Nishimura analyzes these three bilingual speech varieties and provides an answer to the fundamental question in code-switching: “Who speaks what language to whom, and on what occasions?” That is, this research ascribes the motivation of this variability to the “intended audience.” These Niseis choose the basically Japanese variety when they speak to native Japanese people; when they speak to fellow Niseis who have always lived in Canada, they choose the basically English variety; and when they speak to a group comprising both native Japanese and Niseis, they use the mixed variety, oscillating between Japanese and English. They switch among these codes even in the middle of storytelling. What is important here, for the bilingual speakers, is to address two questions: “Who is present in the audience of the ongoing conversational situation?”; and more specifically, “To whom is the current production of this utterance directed?”

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