scholarly journals Why is lexical retrieval slower for bilinguals? Evidence from picture naming

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGOT D. SULLIVAN ◽  
GREGORY J. POARCH ◽  
ELLEN BIALYSTOK
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Language Groups

Proficient bilinguals demonstrate slower lexical retrieval than comparable monolinguals. The present study tested predictions from two main accounts of this effect, the frequency-lag and competition hypotheses. Both make the same prediction for bilinguals but differ for trilinguals and for age differences. 200 younger or older adults who were monolingual, bilingual, or trilingual performed a picture naming task in English that included high and low frequency words. Naming times were faster for high than for low frequency words and, in line with frequency-lag, group differences were larger for low than high frequency items. However, on all other measures, bilinguals and trilinguals performed equivalently, and lexical retrieval differences between language groups did not attenuate with age, consistent with the competition view.

scholarly journals Unbinding of contextual information: age differences and cultural effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Iok Wong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
Better Than

Age and cultural effects on memory for complex pictures were examined under an unbinding condition. Young and older Canadians and Chinese were tested in Toronto and Beijing respectively. At encoding, participants viewed semantically congruent or incongruent pictures. At recognition, they were asked to recognize the objects and backgrounds of these pictures in isolation. The results revealed effects of both age and culture on recognition performance. Older adults recognized more objects than young adults, whereas Canadians were better than Chinese in background recognition. There was also a trend for Canadian older adults to recognize more objects and backgrounds than the other groups of participants. Age and cultural differences in memory under unbinding were possibly due to group differences in information binding during encoding. Finally, it was found that images from congruent pictures were better recognized than those from incongruent pictures, suggesting that semantic relatedness of information improves recognition under unbinding.

scholarly journals Falls Among High- and Low- Frequency Sleep Medication Users With and Without Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 197-197
Author(s):  
Alexandra Wennberg ◽  
Loretta Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
National Health ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sleep Medication ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Falls In Older Adults ◽  
Adjusted Model

Abstract Difficulty with sleep and falls are prevalent among older adults. Sleep medication use is associated with falls in older adults, but little is known about its impact in older adults with dementia. We used data from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study to assess the association of low- versus high- frequency sleep medication use with falls in older adults with self-reported dementia. In our fully adjusted model, among those with dementia, high-frequency sleep medication users were more likely to fall than low-frequency sleep medication users (OR=3.86, 95% CI: 1.31, 11.37). Among those without dementia, high-frequency sleep medication users were more likely to fall than low-frequency sleep medication users (OR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.77). Reducing sleep medication use in older adults with and without dementia may help reduce the risk of falls and fall-related outcomes in older adults.

scholarly journals The multiplex structure of the mental lexicon influences picture naming in people with aphasia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichol Castro ◽  
Massimo Stella
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Closeness Centrality ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Network Measures ◽  
Multiplex Network ◽  
Psycholinguistic Variables ◽  
Naming Performance

Abstract An emerging area of research in cognitive science is the utilization of networks to model the structure and processes of the mental lexicon in healthy and clinical populations, like aphasia. Previous research has focused on only one type of word similarity at a time (e.g., semantic relationships), even though words are multi-faceted. Here, we investigate lexical retrieval in a picture naming task from people with Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia and healthy controls by utilizing a multiplex network structure that accounts for the interplay between multiple semantic and phonological relationships among words in the mental lexicon. Extending upon previous work, we focused on the global network measure of closeness centrality which is known to capture spreading activation, an important process supporting lexical retrieval. We conducted a series of logistic regression models predicting the probability of correct picture naming. We tested whether multiplex closeness centrality was a better predictor of picture naming performance than single-layer closeness centralities, other network measures assessing local and meso-scale structure, psycholinguistic variables and group differences. We also examined production gaps, or the difference between the likelihood of producing a word with the lowest and highest closeness centralities. Our results indicated that multiplex closeness centrality was a significant predictor of picture naming performance, where words with high closeness centrality were more likely to be produced than words with low closeness centrality. Additionally, multiplex closeness centrality outperformed single-layer closeness centralities and other multiplex network measures, and remained a significant predictor after controlling for psycholinguistic variables and group differences. Furthermore, we found that the facilitative effect of closeness centrality was similar for both types of aphasia. Our results underline the importance of integrating multiple measures of word similarities in cognitive language networks for better understanding lexical retrieval in aphasia, with an eye towards future clinical applications.

Investigating Moderator Hypotheses in Aging Research: Statistical, Methodological, and Conceptual Difficulties with Comparing Separate Regressions

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason T. Newsom ◽  
Holly G. Prigerson ◽  
Richard Schulz ◽  
Charles F. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Product Term ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Analysis Strategy

Many topics in aging research address questions about group differences in prediction. Such questions can be viewed in terms of interaction or moderator effects, and use of appropriate methods to test these hypotheses are necessary to arrive at accurate conclusions about age differences. This article discusses the conceptual, methodological, and statistical problems in one approach to investigating moderator hypotheses. The subgroup regression approach, in which separate regression analyses are conducted in two or more groups, is widely used in aging research to examine group differences in prediction, but the approach can lead to erroneous conclusions. The moderated regression approach, involving the test of a product term, is described and recommended as an a alternative approach. The question of whether social support has greater beneficial effects for younger or older adults is investigated in a study of 287 recently-bereaved adults ranging in age from 20 to 91. Using the subgroup approach, findings indicated that social support significantly predicted depressive symptoms among younger adults and did not significantly predict depressive symptoms among older adults. The moderated regression analysis, however, indicated no significant age differences in the effect of social support. These results clearly illustrate that the analysis strategy researchers choose may have important bearing on theory in aging research such as conclusions regarding the role of social support across the life span.

Simulation of Aphasic Naming Performance in Non-Brain-Damaged Adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
JoAnn P. Silkes ◽  
Malcolm R. McNeil ◽  
Mathias Drton
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Language Functions

Discussion abounds in the literature as to whether aphasia is a deficit of linguistic competence or linguistic performance and, if it is a performance deficit, what are its precise mechanisms. Considerable evidence suggests that alteration of nonlinguistic factors can affect language performance in aphasia, a finding that raises questions about the modularity of language and the purity of linguistic mechanisms underlying the putative language deficits in persons with aphasia. This study investigated whether temporal stress plus additional cognitive demands placed on non-brain-damaged adults would produce aphasic-like performance on a picture naming task. Two groups of non-brain-damaged participants completed a picture naming task with additional cognitive demands (use of low frequency words and making semantic judgments about the stimuli). A control group performed this task at their own pace, and an experimental group was placed under time constraints. Naming errors were identified and coded by error type. Errors made by individuals with aphasia from a previous study (S. E. Kohn & H. Goodglass, 1985) were recoded with the coding system used in the present study and were then compared with the types of errors produced by the 2 non-brain-damaged groups. Results generally support the hypothesis that the language performance deficits seen in persons with aphasia exist on a continuum with the language performance of non-brain-damaged individuals. Some error type differences between groups warrant further investigation. KEY WORDS : aphasia, language functions and disorders, anomia, verbal expression

The Effects of High-Frequency Hearing Loss on Low-Frequency Components of the Click-Evoked Otoacoustic Emission

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (09) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen D. Murnane ◽  
John K. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
High Frequency Hearing Loss ◽  
Frequency Components

Click-evoked otoacoustic emission (CEOAE) input/output (I/O) functions were measured in ears with normal hearing and in ears with sensorineural hearing loss above 2000 Hz. The low- to midfrequency CEOAEs obtained from the ears with high-frequency hearing loss were significantly reduced in level compared to the CEOAEs obtained from the ears with normal hearing even though there were no significant group differences in the 250–2000 Hz pure-tone thresholds. The findings are discussed within the context of two hypotheses that explain the low- to midfrequency reduction in transient-evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) magnitude: (1) subclinical damage to the more apical regions of the cochlea not detected by behavioral audiometry, or (2) trauma to the basal region of the cochlea that affects the generation of low-frequency emissions. It is proposed that localized damage at basal cochlear sites affects the generation of low- to midfrequency CEOAE energy.

Spectral Slope of Vowels Produced by Tracheoesophageal Speakers

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingyong Qi ◽  
Bernd Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Spectral Slope ◽  
Matching Procedure ◽  
Autocorrelation Method

Spectra of vowels were analyzed to determine whether differences exist between the spectral slope of vowels produced by tracheoesophageal (TE) speakers and normal speakers and, if so, to quantify such differences. The linear predictive autocorrelation method was used to calculate smoothed spectra and the spectra were normalized with respect to a low frequency component. Comparisons between normalized spectral energy within a selected high frequency range revealed that energy within this frequency range for vowels produced by TE speakers was significantly higher than that produced by normal speakers. A least-square distance matching procedure was used to quantify speaker group differences in the spectral slope of vowels. Average spectra of vowels produced by the normal speakers could be matched to average spectra of vowels produced by the TE speakers by decreasing the spectral slope of their vowels by 2–3 dB/octave.

Age Differences on a Paired-Associates Task: How Does Practice Type and Order Affect Training?

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
D. Kristen Gilbert ◽  
Wendy A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Noun Pair ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Paired Associates ◽  
Varied Mapping ◽  
Order And Type ◽  
Consistent Mapping

The purpose of this research was to determine if manipulating the order and type of practice would affect the outcome of training for both young and older adults. We examined age differences in performance on a paired-associates task in which type and order of practice were manipulated. Two versions of a noun-pair associates task were used; in the consistent mapping (CM) version the noun-pairs did not change from trial to trial; in the varied mapping version (VM) the noun-pairs changed from trial to trial. The CM task allowed the subjects to learn the noun-pairs whereas the VM task required that subjects always refer to a key in order to perform the task. Two groups of subjects were trained and the order in which they received the CM and VM versions was manipulated between groups. There were group differences in initial performance on the CM task for both young and older adults. The data indicate that having performed the task at all provided some benefit in terms of reaction time. The subjects were able to acquire the skill of performing the task in the first version they performed and this skill acquisition aided their subsequent performance. In addition, the benefits of prior practice were longer-lasting for older adults relative to young adults.

scholarly journals The multiplex structure of the mental lexicon influences picture naming in people with aphasia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichol Castro ◽  
Massimo Stella
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Closeness Centrality ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Network Measures ◽  
Multiplex Network ◽  
Psycholinguistic Variables ◽  
Naming Performance

An emerging area of research in cognitive science is the utilization of networks to model the structure and processes of the mental lexicon in healthy and clinical populations, like aphasia. Previous research has focused on only one type of word similarity at a time (e.g., semantic relationships), even though words are multi-faceted. Here, we investigate lexical retrieval in a picture naming task from people with Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia and healthy controls by utilizing a multiplex network structure that accounts for the interplay between multiple semantic and phonological relationships among words in the mental lexicon. Extending upon previous work, we focused on the global network measure of closeness centrality which is known to capture spreading activation, an important process supporting lexical retrieval. We conducted a series of logistic regression models predicting the probability of correct picture naming. We tested whether multiplex closeness centrality was a better predictor of picture naming performance than single-layer closeness centralities, other network measures assessing local and meso-scale structure, psycholinguistic variables, and group differences. We also examined production gaps, or the difference between the likelihood of producing a word with the lowest and highest closeness centralities. Our results indicated that multiplex closeness centrality was a significant predictor of picture naming performance, where words with high closeness centrality were more likely to be produced than words with low closeness centrality. Additionally, multiplex closeness centrality outperformed single-layer closeness centralities and other multiplex network measures, and remained a significant predictor after controlling for psycholinguistic variables and group differences. Furthermore, we found that the facilitative effect of closeness centrality was similar for both types of aphasia. Our results underline the importance of integrating multiple measures of word similarities in cognitive language networks for better understanding lexical retrieval in aphasia, with an eye toward future clinical applications.

scholarly journals Bilingual phonological acquisition: the influence of language-internal, language-external, and lexical factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret KEHOE ◽  
Mélanie HAVY
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Phonological Acquisition ◽  
First Languages ◽  
Cluster Accuracy ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Lexical Factors

AbstractThis study examines the influence of language-internal (frequency and complexity of linguistic properties), language-external (percent French input, socioeconomic status (SES), and gender), and lexical factors (size of total and French vocabulary) on the phonological production abilities of monolingual and bilingual French-speaking children, aged 2;6. Children participated in an object and picture naming task in which they produced words selected to test different phonological properties. The bilinguals’ first languages were coded in terms of the frequency and complexity of these phonological properties. Results indicated that bilinguals who spoke languages characterized by high frequency/complexity of codas and clusters had superior results in their coda and cluster accuracy in comparison to monolinguals. Bilinguals also had better coda and cluster accuracy scores than monolinguals. These findings provide evidence for cross-linguistic interaction in combination with a ‘general bilingual effect’. In addition, percent French exposure, SES, total vocabulary, and gender influenced phonological production.

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