III. Edmund Burke and the Origins of the Theory of Nationality

1926 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. C. Cobban
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Edmund Burke ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Theorist ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Revolution

While there seems no end to the polemics of nationalism, a critical analysis is far to seek; for which reason an account of the beginnings of the theory of nationality in the eighteenth century may be of value to the political theorist as well as of interest to the historian. We may say of its beginnings, because although nationality as a fact is in England and some other countries of Western Europe a heritage of the Middle Ages, as a theory it is much more recent in origin. In Shaw's Saint Joan, Pierre Cauchon, discussing with Warwick the popular uprising in France under the Maid, says, “If I were to give it a name I should call it—nationalism.” Mr Shaw's Bishop is nearly four centuries in advance of his age. It was not till the nineteenth century that men in general began “to call it nationalism,” and under the guidance of such as Wordsworth and Mazzini to understand in some degree what they implied when they did so. The Revolutionary upheaval and the Napoleonic dominion were necessary to rouse the nations to self-consciousness. But these events, though they may partially account for the fact, do not altogether elucidate the theory of nationality. For its veritable beginnings we must look earlier. It is a significant fact in considering the causation of the nationalistic movement that the first and possibly still the wisest of the theorists of nationality had developed his ideas long before the Revolution.

The Marais

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Reader
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Andre Malraux ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

This book explores the history and the vicissitudes of one of Paris’s most extraordinary areas, the Marais. Centrally located on the Right Bank, this neighbourhood was from the Middle Ages through to the eighteenth century the most fashionable in the city, headquarters of the nobility who endowed it with resplendent architecture. The Court’s move to Versailles and the Revolution of 1789 led to the quartier’s decline, so that in the nineteenth century and the earlier part of the twentieth it was in parlous shape, its fine buildings run down and often severely overcrowded. It escaped wholesale destruction in the post-War frenzy of modernization largely thanks to André Malraux, who as Culture Minister fostered the restoration of the area. Malraux’s efforts were, however, not immune from criticism, sometimes seen as a form of socio-economic cleansing with concomitant fossilization, and thus emblematic of the problems faced by a city which has always been torn between the preservation of its past and the need to adapt to social and historical change. The book focuses particularly on literary, cinematic and other artistic reproductions of the quartier, of which it attempts to provide a comprehensive overview, and foregrounds particularly its importance as home to and base of two highly significant minorities – the Jewish and the gay communities.

Victorian Medievalism: Revival or Masquerade?

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 11-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene E. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Architectural Research ◽  
The Middle Ages

In seeking to revive the spirit, culture, and appearances of medieval times the Victorians used many stratagems. Among them, and often overlooked, was their antiquarian study of medieval dress and their wearing of costumes that represented medieval clothing. Whereas the eighteenth century had expressed their interest in the Middle Ages largely through Gothick novels and through architectural research and reconstructions, the nineteenth century, although continuing to look to a medieval inspiration in architecture, enveloped themselves in the more intimate clasp of medieval apparel and, thus accoutered, sought to enact the pageantry and pastimes of the medieval ages.

The Romantic Gothic Imagination

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-138
Author(s):  
Joseph Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Edmund Burke ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The French Revolution

The French Revolution was famously described by Edmund Burke as proof that ‘the Age of Chivalry is gone’, and the fall of the French monarchy prompted a major controversy over the value of Britain’s remaining ‘Gothic institutions’. As a result, the shifting ideological sympathies of the British Romantics can be tracked through the changing fashion in which they made use of medieval history and symbolism in their poetic works. This chapter maps out the different ways in which the major British Romantics made use of the medievalist discourses that they inherited from their eighteenth-century predecessors, showing how the Romantics variously depicted the Middle Ages as a dark era of Gothic horrors, an age of feudal oppression, or as the wellspring of Britain’s ‘Gothic liberty’.

The Ballad Revival and the Rise of Literary History

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-97
Author(s):  
David Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nineteenth Century Literature ◽  
Century Literature ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

This chapter describes the rediscovery and reinvention of the ballad in the 1760s and 1770s, tracing the later impact of the resultant conception of the Middle Ages on nineteenth-century literature and scholarship. The chapter traces the way in which a notion of the ‘Gothic’ was differentiated, in the early nineteenth century, from the ‘medieval’ (a word newly coined around 1817) and goes on to look at the way in which the early beginnings of English literary history resulted from the antiquarian researches of the eighteenth century. It concludes with reflections on the extent to which it can be said there was truly a revival of the ballad, and posits that there was instead a revaluation something already there, with a new conferral of prestige.

Swift and Bolingbroke on Faction

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Edmund Burke ◽  
The Political ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Political Thinker ◽  
The Revolution

The text for this essay comes from Sir Lewis Namier. “One has to steep oneself in the political life of a period,” so the decree reads, “before one can safely speak, or be sure of understanding, its language.” This article is an attempt to supply, not a complete grammar of Augustan politics, but a minor lexicographical entry. Historians sometimes talk as though the most urgent need were for an advanced glossary. The assumption behind this essay is that a more elementary gradus is required. The two key words under review, “party” and “faction,” have always occupied neighbouring berths in the British synonymy. Unfortunately, in the eighteenth-century vocabulary of politics, they became overlapping concepts. Or rather — this is the trouble — they sometimes merged, partially or completely; sometimes they did not; and sometimes they were even employed as antonymous terms. Examples of all these contrary applications are found in the work of Swift and Bolingbroke. As with other lexicographical enquiries, then, usage and abusage must be considered, as well as the simple dictionary definition of these terms.IEdmund Burke is still, in some quarters, valued more highly as a prophet than as a political thinker. His forecasts of the likely course of the Revolution have brought him a reputation for the occult among those who hold his moral views in little esteem, even though he may be regarded, most unfairly, as a sorcerer's apprentice who was engulfed by his own charmed vision.

The French Revolution Controversy

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-120
Author(s):  
Susan Marks
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Mary Wollstonecraft ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Edmund Burke ◽  
The Political ◽  
Thomas Paine ◽  
The French Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

The rights of man ‘arrived’ in England, in the sense of beginning to circulate in public discourse and becoming a topic on which people staked out positions, during the final decade of the eighteenth century. The context was debate over the significance of the French Revolution for England (the ‘Revolution controversy’). This chapter initiates discussion of the contested meaning of the rights of man in that debate, examining contributions by Richard Price, Edmund Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft and Thomas Paine. A vision of the rights of man emerges as the rights of the living to control the political community of which those latter are a part.

scholarly journals Comparison of Forms and Concepts of Confrontation against Monarch Power in Ancient China and in Medieval Western Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Yukang Dong
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Political ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
The West ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
Sovereign Authority ◽  
The Middle Ages

 Monarchy existed in both ancient China and the Middle-ages Western Europe. It is an inevitable phenomenon of power dynamics for the above two that other societal groups would rise to confront the sovereign authority of the monarch. However, because of the differences in the historical environment between ancient China and the West, the form of the antagonism toward the power of the monarchy and the political concepts embodied therein are naturally quite distinct. In ancient China, resistance against imperial power, both in form and concept, can be roughly divided into “revolution” and “admonishment,” while the political concepts of the Middle-ages Western Europe legally reserved reasonable channels for those opposing the power of the monarchy.

Inuit-European Interactions in Greenland

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Christian Gulløv
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
West Coast ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Southwestern Part ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
The Middle Ages

In every century since the Middle Ages there have been Europeans in Greenland. Medieval Norse farmers settled in the southwestern part of the country and met with Native Greenlanders from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries. From the sixteenth century onward, English and Danish explorers, followed by primarily Dutch whalers, met the Inuit on the west coast of Greenland. In 1721, Greenland was colonized from the double monarchy Denmark-Norway. During the eighteenth century, permanent settlements were established throughout west Greenland, and in the nineteenth century contacts were established with the Inuit on the east coast and in the Thule area.

Europeanisation and Secularisation of Immigrant Muslims in Western Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ural Manço
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Iranian Revolution ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
International Events

Every society produces its own concept of otherness. It is a universal fact, necessary for the social cohesion of the majority group. In recent decades, along with the development of a European consciousness and citizenship, the concept of ‘other’ relating to immigration is largely imposed on Muslims in Western Europe. There are historical reasons for this social enmity that trace their roots back to the Middle Ages and to nineteenth century colonialism. However, other contemporary reasons have reinforced these mind-sets; some of which are international events (e.g. the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Iranian revolution, the wars in Iraq and Syria, international terror of Islamic inspiration, and so on). These facts have – at least since 11 September 2001 – made the expression of Islamophobic opinions politically and morally more acceptable in Europe.

scholarly journals Francesca Bregoli, Mediterranean Enlightenment. Livornese Jews, Tuscan Culture, and Eighteenth-Century Reform (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014)

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Tani
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Political ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Middle Ages

Tuscany has a long history of Semitic presence within its territory. Phoenicians during the Etruscan times, Jews and Arabs as of the Middle Ages: they all have played a key-role in the political, economic and cultural history of Tuscany.

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