Regional arrangements for mode 4 in the services trade: lessons from the ASEAN experience

The paper deals with regional policies towards temporary labour migration (or the movement of natural persons) with specific reference to the liberalization of trade in services. The paper deals with policies towards labour migration, and progress in related Mode 4 negotiations within the GATS framework, among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN. It finds that unilateral, national policies rather than regional or multilateral commitments dominate in policies towards temporary foreign workers. Despite advances on administrative issues, little progress has been made towards achieving ‘GATS-Plus’ outcomes, partly because of the lack of a strong political commitment among member countries to liberalizing the entry of foreign workers and partly because of real or imagined shortcomings in the ‘architecture’ for Mode 4 negotiations. Weak political will has led to relatively shallow commitments with a focus on skilled workers over unskilled migrants. With regard to architectural issues, we draw attention to the weaknesses of the ‘positive list’ approach in services trade negotiations, specifically with regard to the case of labour migration. However, the interpretation of the relationship between different modes of supply has also tended to inhibit regional negotiations for Mode 4. In particular, we point to the neglect of the potential importance of independent suppliers of services. It is concluded that the ASEAN countries need to place more emphasis on regional priorities and problems in seeking more open worker flows within the region.

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The ILO and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: labour migration, decent work and implementation of the Compact with specific reference to the Arab states region

International Journal of Law in Context ◽

10.1017/s1744552320000336 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 304-320

Author(s):

Ryszard Cholewinski

Keyword(s):

Social Justice ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Labour Migration ◽

Specific Reference ◽

International Labour Organization ◽

Decent Work ◽

Skilled Workers ◽

Global Compact ◽

Governance Challenges ◽

Arab States

AbstractThis paper explores the role played by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the consultations and stocktaking during 2017 and the negotiations during 2018 leading up to the adoption of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM). It examines selected parts of the text of the GCM, with particular reference to the ILO's mandate of securing social justice and decent work, as well as the protection of migrant workers and governance of labour migration. The final part of the paper looks ahead to the ILO's role in the implementation of the GCM, with specific reference to the Arab states region, where migration for employment is significant and the governance challenges, particularly in relation to the protection of low-wage and low-skilled workers, are especially acute.

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Temporary Labour Migration and State-Run Recruitment of Foreign Workers in Europe, 1919–1975: A New Migration Regime?

International Review of Social History ◽

10.1017/s0020859012000466 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 57 (S20) ◽

pp. 191-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Christoph Rass

Keyword(s):

Human Mobility ◽

National Level ◽

Labour Migration ◽

Foreign Workers ◽

Active Involvement ◽

Temporary Labour Migration ◽

Evolving System ◽

General Improvement ◽

The One ◽

Modern Form

SummaryTemporary labour migration was one of the characteristic phenomena of human mobility in Europe during the twentieth century. The predominant answer in several European countries to the growing economic demand for an external labour supply on the one hand, and political demands to limit the numbers of foreign workers and to protect the native workforce from the competition of “cheap” migrant labour on the other, was a growing direct and active involvement of the nation state in regulatory efforts and recruitment operations abroad. Besides bureaucratic organizations on a national level, bilateral recruitment agreements – starting in their modern form in 1919 – became the most important tool to regulate labour migration between two countries. This article takes a look at the evolving system of bilaterally fixed migration relations in Europe and its implications for sending and receiving countries as well as for the labour migrants involved. It argues that the network of bilateral recruitment agreements provided controlled and selective migration channels in Europe between the 1950s and 1970s. These agreements installed and protected certain minimum standards to migrants and led to a general improvement of the rights and conditions offered to temporary labour migrants in Europe.

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Implikasi Kemasukan Pekerja Asing Di Malaysia: Suatu Tinjauan Awal

Sains Insani ◽

10.33102/sainsinsani.vol1no1.11 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 69-77

Author(s):

Intan Suria Hamzah ◽

Sity Daud

Keyword(s):

Development Process ◽

Foreign Worker ◽

Foreign Workers ◽

Skilled Workers ◽

The World

Malaysia experienced a number of the entry of foreigners in the world, mainly as low-skilled workers. Malaysia has been experiencing shortage of workers in main sectors such as construction, agriculture, industrial and service. Foreign workers are workers came from other countries who come to work in Malaysia for a certain period, they are also known as economic’s workers. The study found that foreign workers give benefits for country development process in variuos sectors but with their numbers growing and reaching millions of peoples were disturbing economy and local communities.Keywords: Foreign worker, demand, economy, PATI, crime, security Abstrak: Malaysia mengalami jumlah kemasukan warga asing yang besar di dunia, terutamanya sebagai buruh berkemahiran rendah. Malaysia telah mengalami masalah kekurangan buruh dalam sektor-sektor utama negara seperti pembinaan, perladangan, perindustrian dan perkhidmatan. Pekerja asing atau buruh asing merupakan pekerja yang berasal dari negara luar yang datang bekerja di Malaysia bagi sesuatu tempoh tertentu, ianya juga dikenali sebagai buruh ekonomi. Hasil kajian, mendapati pekerja asing telah membawa manfaat dalam proses pembangunan negara Malaysia dalam pelbagai sektor namun begitu dengan jumlah mereka yang semakin meningkat dan mencecah jutaan orang telah mengganggu-gugat ekonomi dan masyarakat tempatan.Kata kunci: Pekerja asing, permintaan, ekonomi, PATI, jenayah, keselamatan.

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Temporary Foreign Workers and Regional Labour Market Disparities in Canada

Canadian Public Policy ◽

10.3138/cpp.38.2.233 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 233-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Dominique M. Gross ◽

Nicolas Schmitt

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Foreign Workers ◽

Temporary Foreign Workers ◽

Regional Labour Market

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Constructing the nation through immigration law and legal processes of belonging

10.32920/ryerson.14657223 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Valerie Molina

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Labour Market ◽

Market Segmentation ◽

The Other ◽

Immigration Law ◽

Foreign Workers ◽

Legal Subjectivity ◽

Temporary Foreign Workers ◽

Labour Market Segmentation ◽

Legal Policies

The aim of this critical literature review is to define the connection between immigration policies and the construction of a national identity, and to discuss what the implications of such connections may be. Tracing how the legal subjectivity of the migrant has developed throughout time and through policy reveals how messages about the nation and Others are created, sustained, and circulated through legal policies. What values are implicit within Canadian immigration policy? How does the migrant ‘other’ help ‘us’ stay ‘us’? How do nationalist ideologies construct the Other and how is this reflected in labour market segmentation? Constructing a national identity involves categorizing migrants into legal categories of belonging, a process in which historical positions of power are both legitimized and re-established through law. Discourses about temporary foreign workers provide examples of how the Other is framed in limited terms and in opposition to that of legitimate members of Canadian society. Key Terms: Citizenship, discourse, subjectivity, immigration law, identity, power, humanitarianism, temporary foreign workers, labour market segmentation.

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HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION FOR INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS: CHALLENGES FOR ASEAN

Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada ◽

10.22146/jmh.16680 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

Win Sherly Tan ◽

Rina Shahriyani Shahrullah

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Research Method ◽

Good News ◽

The Political ◽

Political Commitment ◽

Legal Research ◽

Human Rights Protection ◽

Rights Protection ◽

Asean Countries

AbstractThe AEC is good news for Indonesian migrant workers wanting to work overseas. Unfortunately, many Indonesian migrant workers have been deported from ASEAN countries because of having problems. This study adopts the normative legal research method. It argues that AICHR may be slow in resolving the problems of human rights. It is also argued that the ASEAN Committee on Migrant Workers works in the absence of the political commitment of ASEAN leaders to implement the Cebu Declaration. Therefore, the best solution is public participation in the ASEAN countries to protect migrant workers.IntisariKomunitas Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN adalah berita baik untuk Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) untuk bekerja di luar negeri. Namun, banyak TKI yang kembali dari negara-negara ASEAN dikarenakan mendapatkan berbagai permasalahan. Penelitian ini mengadopsi jenis penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa AICHR lamban dalam menyelesaikan permaslahan tentang hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa komunitas ASEAN tentang Pekerja Migran bekerja dengan tidak adanya komitmen politik dari para pemimpim ASEAN dalam menerapkan Deklarasi Cebu. Oleh sebab itu, dibutuhkan partisipasi ASEAN dalam melindungi TKI.

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