Determination of coefficient of friction between the equine foot and different ground surfaces: an in vitro study

AbstractSlippery surfaces are a continuous concern in equine veterinary practice during both treatment and orthopaedic work-ups, especially when horses have to trot on circles. Sliding of the equine foot on the ground with the potential of injury is prevented if the horizontally acting accelerating or decelerating forces on the foot do not exceed maximal friction. Friction can be calculated and therefore anticipated if the coefficient of friction (μ) between the foot of the horse and the particular ground surface is known. Friction between shod and unshod cadaver equine hooves and different ground surfaces (concrete, tarmac and rubber) was determined by pulling the hooves horizontally in a uniform motion. Horizontal forces (Fh) were measured on a force plate and with a portable digital electronic force meter. The coefficient of friction (μ) was calculated as the quotient between Fh and the gravity force (N) of the object, hence: μ = Fh /N. This study has shown that the coefficient of friction between equine hooves and a specific ground surface can be determined using a portable digital force meter or a force plate. Friction significantly depended not only on the type of surface but also on shoeing of the equine foot. Bare feet showed more friction with the hard surfaces (bricks and tarmac), the shod feet showing more friction with the rubber surfaces. Coefficients of friction could be used to estimate the possibility of injuries occurring in the equine industry during exercise and/or lameness or pre-purchase examinations.

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A Comparison of the Frictional Characteristics of Five Initial Alignment Wires and Stainless Steel Brackets at Three Bracket to Wire Angulations—an in Vitro Study

British Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1179/bjo.21.1.15 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 15-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

J. A. S. Dickson ◽

S. P. Jones ◽

E. H. Davies

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Coefficient Of Friction ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Frictional Resistance ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Coated Steel ◽

Fibre Optic ◽

Initial Alignment ◽

The Coefficient Of Friction

The study investigated static planar frictional resistance between five initial alignment wires and stainless steel brackets at three brackets to wire angulations (0, 5 and 10 degrees). It was demonstrated that static frictional resistance increased significantly with increasing bracket to wire angulation due to binding within the system. Epoxy-coated steel had the highest static frictional resistance and coaxial stainless steel the lowest. Fibre-optic glass (Optiflex®) had low frictional resistance. The coefficient of friction followed the trends of static frictional resistance in all respects.

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Light conveyor belts. Determination of the coefficient of friction

10.3403/30106633u ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Coefficient Of Friction ◽

The Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Conveyor Belts

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Determination of the maximum inhibitory dilution of cetylpyridinium chloride-based mouthwashes against staphylococcus aureus: an in vitro study

Journal of Applied Oral Science ◽

10.1590/s1678-77572008000400009 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 275-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Evandro Watanabe ◽

Juliane Maria Guerreiro Tanomaru ◽

Andresa Piacezzi Nascimento ◽

Fumio Matoba-Júnior ◽

Mario Tanomaru-Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study

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Comparing the accuracy of two electronic apex locators in the determination of working length and the detection of root perforations: An in vitro study

Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Research ◽

10.15761/docr.1000301 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kaveh Nasiri ◽

Karl-Thomas Wrbas

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Working Length

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Frictional Vibrations

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.4011044 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 207-214

Author(s):

David Sinclair

Keyword(s):

Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Equations Of Motion ◽

Static Friction ◽

Uniform Motion ◽

Friction Characteristic ◽

Stick Slip ◽

The Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Brake Lining ◽

Solid Bodies ◽

Frictional Vibrations

Abstract Frictional vibrations, such as stick-slip motion and automobile-brake squeal, which occur when two solid bodies are rubbed together, are analyzed mathematically and observed experimentally. The conditions studied are slow uniform motion and relatively rapid simple harmonic motion of brake lining over a cast-iron base. The equations of motion show and the observations confirm that frictional vibrations are caused primarily by an inverse variation of coefficient of friction with sliding velocity, but their form and occurrence are greatly dependent upon the dynamical constants of the mechanical system. With a constant coefficient of friction, the vibration initiated whenever sliding begins is rapidly damped out, not by the friction but by the “natural” damping of all mechanical systems. The coefficient of friction of most brake linings and other organic materials was essentially invariant with velocity, except that the static coefficient was usually greater than the sliding coefficient. Most such materials usually showed a small decrease in coefficient with increasing temperature. The persistent vibrations resulting from the excess static friction were reduced or eliminated by treating the rubbing surfaces with polar organic compounds which produced a rising friction characteristic.

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Determination of the reliability and repeatability of a quantitative occlusal analyzer by using a piezoelectric film sensor: An in vitro study

Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry ◽

10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.07.024 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wonsup Lee ◽

Ho-Beom Kwon ◽

Myung-Joo Kim ◽

Young-Jun Lim

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Piezoelectric Film ◽

Film Sensor

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DEVELOPMENT OF A SPECIFIC RADIODMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF PEPTIDES DERIVED FROM HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ELASTASE DEGRADATION OF HUMAN FIBRIN (OGEN)

10.1055/s-0038-1643899 ◽

1987 ◽

Author(s):

R Wallin ◽

T Saldeen

Keyword(s):

Human Leukocyte ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Molecular Size ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Leukocyte Elastase ◽

Severe Renal Failure ◽

Human Leukocyte Elastase ◽

Edta Plasma

This paper describes a RIA for determination of the vasoactive peptide BB 30-43 and related peptides derived from leukocyte elastase degradaticn of human fibrin(ogen). The peptide was synthesized and could easily be labelled with 125I.Rabbits were iirmunized with BB 30-43 conjugated to bovine albumin. The antibody was found to bind about 5C% of the tracer in absence of BB 30-43 in a ˜1/800 diluticn. The RIA can detect peptide concentrations between 50 - 25000 pmol/L. The crossreaction with fibrinogen is very low (<0.001%) and with plas-min derived fibrin(ogen) peptides Bβ 1-42 and BB 15-42 also low (<0.2%). Plasma samples can be analyzed without any pretreatment. In an in vitro study fibrin and fibrincgen was degraded with plasmin or leukocyte elastase. Plasmin degradaticn of fibrin and fibrincgen did not release peptides which cross-reacted with our antibody, whereas leukocyte elastase degradation released peptides from both fibrin and fibrinogen which crossreact whith the antibody.The imnunolqgical activity was not changed after degrading peptide Bβ 30-43 with a) trypsin, b) plasmin, c) batraxobin, d) thrombin, e) elastase, at +37°,1 h, in a molar ratio of 1:100. Even degradaticn by elastase (1:3.5) +37°, 1 h, did not destroy the iirmunological activity.The imriunolcgical stability of peptide B< 30-43 in EDTA-plasma (+37°) seems to be very good. In citrated and heparinized plasma the activity of this peptide seems to vanish quite fast. In spite of these results we have detected high levels of iirmunolcgical activitiy in citrated or heparinized patient plasma. The molecular distribution of the peptides detected in plasma by our RIA corresponded to a fragnent containing about 25 amino acids. This fragnent seemes to be rather stable in plasma. When this fragnent was degraded with elastase in vitro a peptide with a molecular size resembling BB 30-43 was obtained. Over 300 patient samples have been studied. About 20 per cent were positive and the highest levels were found in patients with ARDS, septicaemia, severe renal failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia and pulmonary congestion.

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