scholarly journals Extreme solar-terrestrial events

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S328) ◽  
pp. 233-236
Author(s):  
A. Dal Lago ◽  
L. E. Antunes Vieira ◽  
E. Echer ◽  
L. A. Balmaceda ◽  
M. Rockenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejection ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Ring Current ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Time Index ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mass Ejection

AbstractExtreme solar-terrestrial events are those in which very energetic solar ejections hit the earth?s magnetosphere, causing intense energization of the earth?s ring current. Statistically, their occurrence is approximately once per Gleissberg solar cycle (70-100yrs). The solar transient occurred on July, 23rd (2012) was potentially one of such extreme events. The associated coronal mass ejection (CME), however, was not ejected towards the earth. Instead, it hit the STEREO A spacecraft, located 120 degrees away from the Sun-Earth line. Estimates of the geoeffectiveness of such a CME point to a scenario of extreme Space Weather conditions. In terms of the ring current energization, as measured by the Disturbance Storm-Time index (Dst), had this CME hit the Earth, it would have caused the strongest geomagnetic storm in space era.

3D MHD study of the Earth magnetosphere response during extreme space weather conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobo Varela Rodriguez ◽  
Sacha A. Brun ◽  
Antoine Strugarek ◽  
Victor Réville ◽  
Filippo Pantellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Imf

<p><span>The aim of the study is to analyze the response of the Earth magnetosphere for various space weather conditions and model the effect of interplanetary coronal mass ejections. The magnetopause stand off distance, open-closed field lines boundary and plasma flows towards the planet surface are investigated. We use the MHD code PLUTO in spherical coordinates to perform a parametric study regarding the dynamic pressure and temperature of the solar wind as well as the interplanetary magnetic field intensity and orientation. The range of the parameters analyzed extends from regular to extreme space weather conditions consistent with coronal mass ejections at the Earth orbit. The direct precipitation of the solar wind on the Earth day side at equatorial latitudes is extremely unlikely even during super coronal mass ejections. For example, the SW precipitation towards the Earth surface for a IMF purely oriented in the Southward direction requires a IMF intensity around 1000 nT and the SW dynamic pressure above 350 nPa, space weather conditions well above super-ICMEs. The analysis is extended to previous stages of the solar evolution considering the rotation tracks from Carolan (2019). The simulations performed indicate an efficient shielding of the Earth surface 1100 Myr after the Sun enters in the main sequence. On the other hand, for early evolution phases along the Sun main sequence once the Sun rotation rate was at least 5 times faster (< 440 Myr), the Earth surface was directly exposed to the solar wind during coronal mass ejections (assuming today´s Earth magnetic field). Regarding the satellites orbiting the Earth, Southward and Ecliptic IMF orientations are particularly adverse for Geosynchronous satellites, partially exposed to the SW if the SW dynamic pressure is 8-14 nPa and the IMF intensity 10 nT. On the other hand, Medium orbit satellites at 20000 km are directly exposed to the SW during Common ICME if the IMF orientation is Southward and during Strong ICME if the IMF orientation is Earth-Sun or Ecliptic. The same way, Medium orbit satellites at 10000 km are directly exposed to the SW if a Super ICME with Southward IMF orientation impacts the Earth.</span></p><p>This work was supported by the project 2019-T1/AMB-13648 founded by the Comunidad de Madrid, grants ERC WholeSun, Exoplanets A and PNP. We extend our thanks to CNES for Solar Orbiter, PLATO and Meteo Space science support and to INSU/PNST for their financial support.</p>

scholarly journals From the Sun to the Earth: The 13 May 2005 Coronal Mass Ejection

Solar Physics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 265 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Bisi ◽  
A. R. Breen ◽  
B. V. Jackson ◽  
R. A. Fallows ◽  
A. P. Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronal Mass Ejection ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mass Ejection

scholarly journals Posicionamento por GPS na Região Brasileira Durante a Intensa Tempestade Geomagnética de 29 de Outubro de 2003

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELO TOMIO MATSUOKA ◽  
PAULO DE OLIVEIRA CAMARGO ◽  
INEZ STACIA
Keyword(s):  
Solar Flare ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejection ◽  
Magnetic Storm ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Electron Content ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Ionospheric Layer ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mass Ejection

The error due to the ionosphere in the GPS observables depends on the Total Electron Content (TEC) in the ionospheric layer. The TEC varies regularly in time and space in relation to the sunspot number, the season, the local time, the geographic position, and others. However, the TEC can suffer abrupt modifications in its behavior due to the occurrence of intense magnetic storm. On 28 October 2003, at 1110 UT, a major solar flare took place from a sunspot directly in line with the Earth. A coronal mass ejection was observed to leave the Sun in the direction of the Earth, causing an intense magnetic storm that started at 0611 UT of the following day. In this paper, GPS data from RBMC and IGS network and Digisonde data were used, to analyze the influence of the intense magnetic storm that occurred on October 29, 2003 in the behavior of TEC and in the performance of the point positioning in the Brazilian region

Carrington Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh S. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Solar Flare ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejection ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Solar Event ◽  
Solar Type ◽  
Mass Ejection

The Carrington event in 1859, a solar flare with an associated geomagnetic storm, has served as a prototype of possible superflare occurrence on the Sun. Recent geophysical (14C signatures in tree rings) and precise time-series photometry [the bolometric total solar irradiance (TSI) for the Sun, and the broadband photometry from Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, for the stars] have broadened our perspective on extreme events and the threats that they pose for Earth and for Earth-like exoplanets. This review assesses the mutual solar and/or stellar lessons learned and the status of our theoretical understanding of the new data, both stellar and solar, as they relate to the physics of the Carrington event. The discussion includes the event's implied coronal mass ejection, its potential “solar cosmic ray” production, and the observed geomagnetic disturbances based on the multimessenger information already available in that era. Taking the Carrington event as an exemplar of the most extreme solar event, and in the context of our rich modern knowledge of solar flare and/or coronal mass ejection events, we discuss the aspects of these processes that might be relevant to activity on solar-type stars, and in particular their superflares. ▪ The Carrington flare of 1859, though powerful, did not significantly exceed the magnitudes of the greatest events observed in the modern era. ▪ Stellar “superflare” events on solar-type stars may share common paradigms, and also suggest the possibility of a more extreme solar event at some time in the future. ▪ We benefit from comparing the better-known microphysics of solar flares and CMEs with the diversity of related stellar phenomena. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 59 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Interplanetary Disturbances Affecting Space Weather

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (S300) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interplanetary Medium ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The Sun ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Large Scale Disturbance ◽  
Mass Ejection ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe Sun somehow accelerates the solar wind, an incessant stream of plasma originating in coronal holes and some, as yet unidentified, regions. Occasionally, coronal, and possibly sub-photospheric structures, conspire to energize a spectacular eruption from the Sun which we call a coronal mass ejection (CME). These can leave the Sun at very high speeds and travel through the interplanetary medium, resulting in a large-scale disturbance of the ambient background plasma. These interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) can drive shocks which in turn accelerate particles, but also have a distinct intrinsic magnetic structure which is capable of disturbing the Earth's magnetic field and causing significant geomagnetic effects. They also affect other planets, so they can and do contribute to space weather throughout the heliosphere. This paper presents a historical review of early space weather studies, a modern-day example, and discusses space weather throughout the heliosphere.

The Solar Eruption of 2005 May 13 and Its Effects: Long-Baseline Interplanetary Scintillation Observations of the Earth-Directed Coronal Mass Ejection

2008 ◽  
Vol 683 (1) ◽  
pp. L79-L82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Breen ◽  
R. A. Fallows ◽  
M. M. Bisi ◽  
R. A. Jones ◽  
B. V. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronal Mass Ejection ◽  
Interplanetary Scintillation ◽  
Long Baseline ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mass Ejection

scholarly journals Relationships Between Sequential Chromospheric Brightening and the Corona

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S327) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
M. S. Kirk ◽  
K. S. Balasubramaniam ◽  
J. Jackiewicz ◽  
H. R. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejection ◽  
Fast Moving ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Flux Emergence ◽  
Complex Region ◽  
Magnetic Features ◽  
Mass Ejection ◽  
Early Indication

AbstractThe chromosphere is a complex region that acts as an intermediary between the magnetic flux emergence in the photosphere and the magnetic features seen in the corona. Large eruptions in the chromosphere of flares and filaments are often accompanied by ejections of coronal mass off the sun. Several studies have observed fast-moving progressive trains of compact bright points (called Sequential Chromospheric Brightenings or SCBs) streaming away from chromospheric flares that also produce a coronal mass ejection (CME). In this work, we review studies of SCBs and search for commonalties between them. We place these findings into a larger context with contemporary chromospheric and coronal observations. SCBs are fleeting indicators of the solar atmospheric environment as it existed before their associated eruption. Since they appear at the very outset of a flare eruption, SCBs are good early indication of a CME measured in the chromosphere.

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