scholarly journals QUANTIFIED LOGIC OF AWARENESS AND IMPOSSIBLE POSSIBLE WORLDS

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIACOMO SILLARI
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Impossible Worlds ◽  
Kripke Semantics ◽  
Logical Omniscience ◽  
Neighborhood Semantics ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
The Many ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Among the many possible approaches to dealing with logical omniscience, I consider here awareness and impossible worlds structures. The former approach, pioneered by Fagin and Halpern, distinguishes between implicit and explicit knowledge, and avoids logical omniscience with respect to explicit knowledge. The latter, developed by Rantala and by Hintikka, allows for the existence of logically impossible worlds to which the agents are taken to have “epistemological” access; since such worlds need not behave consistently, the agents’ knowledge is fallible relative to logical omniscience. The two approaches are known to be equally expressive in propositional systems interpreted over Kripke semantics. In this paper I show that the two approaches are equally expressive in propositional systems interpreted over Montague-Scott (neighborhood) semantics. Furthermore, I provide predicate systems of both awareness and impossible worlds structures interpreted on neighborhood semantics and prove the two systems to be equally expressive.

Epistemic Logics

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Francesco Berto ◽  
Mark Jago
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Classical Logic ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Impossible Worlds ◽  
Logical Omniscience ◽  
Epistemic States ◽  
Deep Problem

Standard possible-worlds epistemic logic gives rise to the problem of logical omniscience. There are attempts to deal with the problem without using impossible worlds. A number of these approaches are discussed in this chapter and all are found wanting. The impossible worlds approach is immediately more successful, but faces a deep problem: how should impossible worlds be constrained, so as to give adequate models of knowledge and belief? One option is to take impossible worlds to be closed under some weaker-than-classical logic. But this approach does not genuinely solve the problem of logical omniscience. A different approach is the dynamic one, whereby epistemic states are not closed at any one time, but nevertheless evolve towards closure in a dynamic way.

From Possible to Impossible Worlds

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Berto ◽  
Mark Jago
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Impossible Worlds ◽  
Logical Omniscience ◽  
Possible Worlds Semantics ◽  
Counterfactual Conditionals ◽  
General Issue

Possible worlds are ways things might have been. They find applications in analysing possibility and necessity; propositions; knowledge and belief; information; and indicative and counterfactual conditionals. But possible worlds semantics faces the issue of hyperintensionality, generated by concepts that require distinctions between logical or necessary equivalents. The problems of distinguishing equivalent propositions, of logical omniscience, of information overload, of irrelevant conditionals, and of counterpossible conditionals, are all instances of the general issue. Adding impossible worlds promises to help with these puzzles. But can we genuinely think about the impossible? It is argued that we can.

Implicit and explicit corrective feedback and feedback exposure conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-48
Author(s):  
Takehiro Iizuka ◽  
Kimi Nakatsukasa
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Corrective Feedback ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Picture Description ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Instructional Settings ◽  
The Impact

This exploratory study examined the impact of implicit and explicit oral corrective feedback (CF) on the development of implicit and explicit knowledge of Japanese locative particles (activity de, movement ni and location ni) for those who directly received CF and those who observed CF in the classroom. Thirty-six college students in a beginning Japanese language course received either recast (implicit), metalinguistic (explicit) or no feedback during an information-gap picture description activity, and completed a timed picture description test (implicit knowledge) and an untimed grammaticality judgement test (explicit knowledge) in a pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test. The results showed that overall there was no significant difference between CF types, and that CF benefited direct and indirect recipients similarly. Potential factors that might influence the effectiveness of CF, such as instructional settings, complexity of target structures and pedagogy styles, are discussed.

Implicit and Explicit Knowledge in Second Language Learning, Testing and Teaching

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayo Reinders ◽  
Rosemary Erlam ◽  
JeneferVE Philp ◽  
Shawn Loewen ◽  
Catherine Elder
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Some suggested additions to the semantic cognition model

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-722
Author(s):  
Jean M. Mandler
Keyword(s):  
Concept Formation ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Conceptual Learning ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Semantic Cognition ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Direct Input ◽  
Cognition Model ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Slow Learning

AbstractRogers & McClelland (R&M) present a powerful account of semantic (conceptual) learning. Their model admirably handles many characteristics of early concept formation, but it also needs to address attentional biases, and distinguish direct input from error-driven learning, and fast versus slow learning. Not distinguishing implicit and explicit knowledge means that the authors also cannot explain why some coherently varying information becomes accessible and other information does not.

scholarly journals Beyond paradigm: The ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of classroom research

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Whong ◽  
Kook-Hee Gil ◽  
Heather Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Classroom Research ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

This article reviews studies in second language classroom research from a cross-theoretic perspective, arguing that the classroom holds the potential for bringing together researchers from opposing theoretical orientations. It shows how generative and general cognitive approaches share a view of language that implicates both implicit and explicit knowledge, and that holds a bias towards implicit knowledge. Arguing that it is implicit knowledge that should be the object of research, it proposes that classroom research would benefit from incorporating insights from a generative understanding of language. Specifically, there is a need for a more nuanced view of the complexity of language in terms of linguistic domain, and the interaction between those domains. Generative second language acquisition research that shows developmental differences in terms of both linguistic domain and interface is reviewed. The core argument is a call for more attention to the ‘what’ of language development in classroom research and, by implication, teaching practice. As such, the language classroom is seen to offer potential for research that goes beyond paradigm to address both the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of language development.

scholarly journals Assumptions of the Process-Dissociation Procedure are Violated in Implicit Sequence Learning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Barth ◽  
Christoph Stahl ◽  
Hilde Haider
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Process Dissociation ◽  
Implicit Sequence Learning ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Accurate Performance ◽  
Exclusion Condition ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Learning

In implicit sequence learning, a process-dissociation (PD) approach has been proposed to dissociate implicit and explicit learning processes. Applied to the popular generation task, participants perform two different task versions: inclusion instructions require generating the transitions that form the learned sequence; exclusion instructions require generating transitions other than those of the learned sequence. Whereas accurate performance under inclusion may be based on either implicit or explicit knowledge, avoiding to generate learned transitions requires controllable explicit sequence knowledge. The PD approach yields separate estimates of explicit and implicit knowledge that are derived from the same task; it therefore avoids many problems of previous measurement approaches. However, the PD approach rests on the critical assumption that the implicit and explicit processes are invariant across inclusion and exclusion conditions. We tested whether the invariance assumptions hold for the PD generation task. Across three studies using first-order as well as second-order regularities, invariance of the controlled process was found to be violated. In particular, despite extensive amounts of practice, explicit knowledge was not exhaustively expressed in the exclusion condition. We discuss the implications of these findings for the use of process-dissociation in assessing implicit knowledge.

Dissociation of implicit and explicit knowledge in a case of psychogenic retrograde amnesia

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Campodonico ◽  
Sharilyn Rediess
Keyword(s):  
Retrograde Amnesia ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Language Functioning ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Retrograde Memory ◽  
Explicit Recall ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

AbstractThere have been few studies of psychogenic amnesia based on a cognitive or neuropsychological framework. In the present study, a patient with acute onset of profound psychogenic retrograde amnesia was examined. Although her performance on neuropsychological tasks revealed intact anterograde memory, language functioning, visuospatial and constructional skills, and mental speed and flexibility, she displayed severe impairments on a variety of retrograde memory tasks. Furthermore, initial observations revealed inconsistencies between the patient’s recall of semantic knowledge on direct questioning and her ability to demonstrate the use of this knowledge on indirect tasks. To test this formally, we devised an indirect remote knowledge task to examine a possible dissociation between explicit and implicit memory. Two healthy subjects matched for age, gender, education, occupation, and estimated IQ were also tested. As predicted, the findings demonstrate implicit knowledge despite impaired explicit recall for the same material. (JINS, 1996, 2, 146–158.)

Implicit and explicit knowledge in the control of complex systems

1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Broadbent ◽  
Peter FitzGerald ◽  
Margaret H. P. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Implicit And Explicit
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