Being born small-for-gestational-age is associated with an unfavourable dietary intake in Danish adolescent girls: findings from the Danish National Birth Cohort

AbstractIndividuals born small have an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Altered food preferences in these subjects seem to play a role; however, limited evidence is available on the association between being born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) at term and food intake in adolescence. Alterations in leptin, ghrelin and dopamine levels are suggested mechanisms linking SGA with later food intake. From a large prospective Danish National Birth Cohort, we compared dietary intake of adolescents being born SGA with normal-for-gestational-age (NGA) adolescents. Intake of foods and nutrients was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire in a subsample of 15,607 14-year-old individuals born at term. SGA was defined by birth weight (BW) <10th percentile (n = 1470) and NGA as BW between 10 and 90th percentile (n = 14,137) according to sex and gestational age-specific BW standard curves. Girls born SGA had a 7% (95% CI: 3–12%, P = 0.002) higher intake of added sugar and a 2–8% lower intake of dietary fibre, vegetables, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and total n−6, compared with NGA girls (P < 0.05). Adjusting for parental socio-occupational status, maternal smoking and diet in pregnancy did not substantially change the differences in dietary intake, except from dietary fibre, which were no longer statistically significant. No significant differences in dietary intake between SGA and NGA boys were found. In summary, girls born SGA had an unfavourable dietary intake compared with NGA girls. These differences persisted after controlling for potential confounders, thus supporting a fetal programming effect on dietary intake in girls born SGA at term. However, residual confounding by other factors operating early in childhood cannot be excluded.

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An observational study on Ca supplementation and dietary intake during pregnancy on low birth weight and small for gestational age

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980020004425 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Wei Dai ◽

Xiaohui Deng ◽

Lanlan Li ◽

Jie Qiu ◽

Baohong Mao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Nulliparous Women ◽

Reduced Risk

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effects of dietary Ca intake and Ca supplementation during pregnancy on low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) infants. Design: A birth cohort study was conducted in 2010–2012 at the Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital in Lanzhou, China. Setting: A birth cohort study. Participants: Totally, 9595 pregnant women who came to the hospital for delivery at 20 weeks of gestation or more, and who were 18 years of age or older. Results: Compared with non-users, Ca supplement users had a reduced risk of LBW infants (OR = 0·77, 95 % CI: 0·63, 0·95) and a reduced risk of nulliparous women giving birth to LBW infants (OR = 0·75, 95 % CI: 0·58, 0·98) (P < 0·05). More specifically, both the use of Ca supplement before conception and during pregnancy (OR = 0·44, 95 % CI: 0·19, 0·99) and during pregnancy only (OR = 0·80, 95 % CI: 0·65, 0·99) had the main effect of reducing risk of nulliparous women giving birth to LBW infants (P < 0·05). There was no association between Ca supplementation and SGA (OR = 0·87, 95 % CI: 0·75, 1·01) (P > 0·05). However, higher dietary Ca intake during pregnancy decreases the risk of both LBW (quartile 2: OR = 0·72, 95 % CI: 0·55, 0·94; quartile 3: OR = 0·68, 95 % CI: 0·50, 0·62) and SGA infants (quartile 2: OR = 0·77, 95 % CI: 0·63, 0·95; quartile 3: OR = 0·71, 95 % CI: 0·57, 0·88, quartile 4: OR = 0·71, 95 % CI: 0·57, 0·88) (P < 0·05). Conclusions: Ca supplementation and adequate dietary intake of Ca during pregnancy are associated with a decreased risk of LBW infants born to nulliparous women.

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Association between maternal passive smoking and increased risk of delivering small-for-gestational-age infants at full-term using plasma cotinine levels from The Hokkaido Study: a prospective birth cohort

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023200 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. e023200

Author(s):

Sumitaka Kobayashi ◽

Fumihiro Sata ◽

Tomoyuki Hanaoka ◽

Titilola Serifat Braimoh ◽

Kumiko Ito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Total Population ◽

Full Term ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Cotinine Level ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Plasma Cotinine ◽

Prospective Birth Cohort

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between plasma cotinine level measured at the 8th gestational month and the delivery of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, using a highly sensitive ELISA method.DesignProspective birth cohort study from The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health.SettingHokkaido, Japan.ParticipantsOur sample included 15 198 mother-infant pairs enrolled in 2003–2012.Main outcome measuresSGA, defined as a gestational age-specific weight Z-score below −2.ResultsThe number of SGA infants was 192 (1.3%). The cotinine cut-off level that differentiated SGA infants from other infants was 3.03 ng/mL for both the total population and the full-term births subgroup (sensitivity 0.307; positive predictive value 2.3%). Compared with infants of mothers with a plasma cotinine level of <3.03 ng/mL, infants of mothers with a plasma cotinine level of ≥3.03 ng/mL showed an increased OR for SGA in the total population and the full-term infant group (2.02(95% CI 1.45 to 2.83) and 2.44(95% CI 1.73 to 3.44), respectively).ConclusionA plasma cotinine level of ≥3.03 ng/mL, which included both passive and active smokers, was associated with an increased risk of SGA. This finding is of important relevance when educating pregnant women about avoiding prenatal passive and active smoking due to the adverse effects on their infants, even those born at full-term.

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Periconceptional multivitamin use and risk of preterm or small-for-gestational-age births in the Danish National Birth Cohort

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.3945/ajcn.111.012393 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 94 (3) ◽

pp. 906-912 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

J. M. Catov ◽

L. M. Bodnar ◽

J. Olsen ◽

S. Olsen ◽

E. A. Nohr

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Danish National Birth Cohort ◽

Multivitamin Use

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Sociodemographic characteristics and food habits of organic consumers – a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012004119 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. 1810-1819 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Sesilje B Petersen ◽

Morten A Rasmussen ◽

Marin Strøm ◽

Thorhallur I Halldorsson ◽

Sjurdur F Olsen

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Latent Variables ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽

Danish National Birth Cohort ◽

Building Models ◽

The Impact

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a basis for building models that can examine the impact of organic food (OF) choices on maternal and offspring health, including identification of factors associated with OF consumption and underlying dietary patterns.DesignDietary intake was collected for the preceding month from an FFQ in mid-pregnancy and information on sociodemographic characteristics was collected from telephone interviews during pregnancy. From a question about OF consumption in the FFQ, including six food categories, an OF preference index was calculated. Latent variables that captured the variability in OF choices in relation to dietary intake were defined.SettingThe Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), 1996–2002.SubjectsPregnant women from DNBC (n 60 773).ResultsWe found that frequent OF use was highly associated with age, occupational status, urbanization, smoking and vegetarianism. By principal components analysis we identified two eating patterns, a ‘Western dietary pattern’ and a ‘Prudent dietary pattern’, that explained 14·2 % of the variability in data. Frequent OF users consumed a more ‘prudent’ diet compared with non-users and had significantly higher intakes of vegetables (+67 %), fibre (+13 %) and n-3 fatty acids (+11 %) and less saturated fat (−8 %).ConclusionsFrequent OF users seemed to have a healthier lifestyle than non-users. These findings highlight a major challenge in observational studies examining the impact of OF consumption on health due to potentially irremediable confounding factors.

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Adult functional outcome of those born small for gestational age. Twenty-six-year follow-up of the 1970 British Birth Cohort. RICHARD STRAUSS. JAMA(1999) 283: 625–32

Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology ◽

10.1017/s0012162200000645 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 355-355

Author(s):

Hilary Hart

Keyword(s):

Functional Outcome ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Richard Strauss

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Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle Habits during Pregnancy: Is There an Association with Small for Gestational Age Infants? An Italian Single Centre Experience

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13061941 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1941

Author(s):

Rachele De Giuseppe ◽

Manuela Bocchi ◽

Silvia Maffoni ◽

Elsa Del Bo ◽

Federica Manzoni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Small Sample ◽

Activity Level ◽

Lifestyle Habits ◽

Increased Risk

Background. The small-for-gestational-age (SGA) in infants is related to an increased risk of developing Non-Communicable Diseases later in life. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is related to lower odds of being SGA. The study explored retrospectively the association between SGA, maternal MD adherence, lifestyle habits and other SGA risk factors during pregnancy. Methods. One hundred women (16–44 years) with a pregnancy at term were enrolled. Demographic data, parity, pre-gestational BMI, gestational weight gain, pregnancy-related diseases, and type of delivery were collected. The MD adherence (MEDI-LITE score ≥ 9), physical activity level, and smoking/alcohol consumption were registered. SGA neonates were diagnosed according to the neonatal growth curves. Results. Women were divided into “SGA group” vs. “non-SGA group”. The MD was adopted by 71% of women and its adherence was higher in the “non-SGA group” (p = 0.02). The prevalence of pregnancy-related diseases (gestational diabetes/pregnancy-induced hypertension) was higher in the “SGA group” (p = 0.01). The logistic regression showed that pregnancy-related diseases were the only independent risk factor for SGA. Conclusions. MD may indirectly reduce the risk of SGA since it prevents and exerts a positive effect on pregnancy-related diseases (e.g., gestational diabetes and hypertension). The small sample size of women in the SGA group of the study imposes a major limitation to the results and conclusions of this research, suggesting however that it is worthy of further investigation.

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Prevalence of small for gestational age infants in 21 cities in China, 2014–2019

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87127-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hui He ◽

Huazhang Miao ◽

Zhijiang Liang ◽

Ye Zhang ◽

Wei Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Health Information System ◽

Guangdong Province ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Term Infants ◽

Per Capita Gdp ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Per Capita ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

AbstractInfants who are small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of neonatal and infant death, non-communicable diseases and growth retardation. However, the epidemiological characteristics of SGA remain unclear. We aim to explore the prevalence of SGA and to examine its socioeconomic associations by using data from 21 cities. 10,515,494 single live birth records between 2014 and 2019 from the Guangdong Women and Children Health Information System were included in the study. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the prevalence trend of SGA and its distribution. We also analyze the associations between the prevalence of SGA and per-capita GDP. The prevalence of SGA in Guangdong Province from the years 2014–2019 was 13.17%, 12.96%, 11.96%, 12.72%, 11.45%, 11.30% respectively, and the overall prevalence was 12.28%. The prevalence of term SGA infants in Guangdong Province was 12.50%, which was much higher than that of preterm SGA (7.71%). There was a significant negative correlation between the SGA prevalence and per-capita GDP in 21 cities of Guangdong Province. The level of economic development may affect the prevalence of SGA. The prevalence of SGA in full term infants is significantly higher than in premature infants, suggesting that most SGA infants may be born at a later gestational age.

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