scholarly journals Sisters and Brothers Abroad: Gender, Race, Empire and Anglican Missionary Reformism in Hawai‘i and the Pacific, 1858–75

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 328-344
Author(s):  
Steven S. Maughan
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
High Church

British Anglo-Catholic and high church Anglicans promoted a new set of foreign missionary initiatives in the Pacific and South and East Africa in the 1860s. Theorizing new indigenizing models for mission inspired by Tractarian medievalism, the initiatives envisioned a different and better engagement with ‘native’ cultures. Despite setbacks, the continued use of Anglican sisters in Hawai‘i and brothers in Melanesia, Africa and India created a potent new imaginative space for missionary endeavour, but one problematized by the uneven reach of empire: from contested, as in the Pacific, to normal and pervasive, as in India. Of particular relevance was the Sandwich Islands mission, invited by the Hawaiian crown, where Bishop T. N. Staley arrived in 1862, followed by Anglican missionary sisters in 1864. Immensely controversial in Britain and America, where among evangelicals in particular suspicion of ‘popish’ religious practice ran high, Anglo-Catholic methods and religious communities mobilized discussion, denunciation and reaction. Particularly in the contested imperial space of an independent indigenous monarchy, Anglo-Catholics criticized what they styled the cruel austerities of evangelical American ‘puritanism’ and the ambitions of American imperialists; in the process they catalyzed a reconceptualized imperial reformism with important implications for the shape of the late Victorian British empire.

The Oxford Movement and Missions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan Strong
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Oxford Movement ◽  
High Church

This chapter examines four initial facets of mission that emerged from the Oxford Movement as dimensions of later Anglo-Catholicism in the Anglican Communion. These were first, Anglo-Catholic infiltration of the High Church Society for the Propagation of the Gospel; second, colonial missions to settler communities in the British Empire; third, institutional missions to India, such as the Oxford Mission to Calcutta; and fourth, a unique and early example of an enculturated mission in India associated with the Society of St John the Evangelist. The use of religious communities is highlighted, including an example of indigenous non-British mission in the Melanesian Brotherhood.

Conference on the Limitation of Armament and Problems of the Pacific

1921 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-510
Author(s):  
James Brown Scott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
British Empire ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
The City

A conference of a group of Powers heretofore known as the Principal Allied and Associated Powers (the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan and the United States), to discuss the limitation of armament, and of these Powers, and Belgium, China, the Netherlands and Portugal, to consider Pacific and Far Eastern problems, will open in the City of Washington on November 11, 1921.

2. The peopling of the earth

2015 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
Stewart A. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Rift Valleys

When did exploration begin and who were the first explorers? ‘The peopling of the earth ’ shows that the deep origins of exploration are inseparable from the long process of the peopling of the earth that began between one and two million years ago, with the migration of Homo erectus out of the East Africa rift valleys. It considers the Polynesian seafaring people whose remarkable exploratory oceanic migration resulted in settlements and cultural exchange around and across the Pacific Ocean. The maritime exploration of the Norse reached Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland. The global circle of humanity closed, and the first of history's two big stories, that of human divergence, ended, and the second, that of human convergence, began.

Z. K. Sentongo and the Indian Question in East Africa

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 309-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Twaddle
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
East Africa ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Test Case ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
The World

East Africa is really what one may call a ‘test case’ for Great Britain. If Indians cannot be treated as equals in a vacant or almost vacant part of the world where they were the first in occupation—a part of the world which is on the equator—it seems that the so-called freedom of the British Empire is a sham and a delusion.The Indian question in East Africa during the early 1920s can hardly be said to have been neglected by subsequent scholars. There is an abundant literature on it and the purpose here is not simply to run over the ground yet again, resurrecting past passions on the British, white settler and Indian sides. Instead, more will be said about the African side, especially the expatriate educated African side, during the controversy in Kenya immediately after World War I, when residential segregation, legislative rights, access to agricultural land, and future immigration by Indians were hotly debated in parliament, press, private letters, and at public meetings. For not only were educated and expatriate Africans in postwar Kenya by no means wholly “dumb,” as one eminent historian of the British Empire has since suggested, but their comments in newspaper articles at the time can be seen in retrospect to have had a seminal importance in articulating both contemporary fears and subsequent “imagined communities,” to employ Benedict Anderson's felicitous phrase—those nationalisms which were to have such controversial significance during the struggle for independence from British colonialism in Uganda as well as Kenya during the middle years of this century.

A Completely Star Performance?

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-133
Author(s):  
Peter Mauch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Delicate Balance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
The Face

The Australian government in January 1940 appointed Richard Gardiner Casey minister to the United States. He sought both U.S. support for Britain in its war against Nazi Germany, and a U.S. guarantee to preserve Australian security in the face of an aggressive and threatening Japan. When Casey’s mission ended in March 1942, the United States had entered war in both the Atlantic and the Pacific. The limits to Casey’s ministerial influence were such, however, that one hardly can credit him with having delivered U.S. belligerency. The existing literature nonetheless locates merit in Casey’s ministerial mission, particularly in his highly effective public diplomacy and also in his ability to remain abreast of key U.S. decisions and strategy. This essay takes no particular issue with these findings. Instead, it finds value elsewhere in Casey’s mission, and in particular in the delicate balance he struck between his twin loyalties, to both Australia and the British Empire. It also departs from the existing literature insofar as it identifies a number of issues and episodes that call into question Casey’s accomplishments and acumen.

Direction and Purpose in British Imperial Policy, 1783–1801

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Imperial Expansion

Since the publication in 1952 of the first volume of V. T. Harlow's The Founding of the Second British Empire 1763–1793, the debate on the nature and concept of empire in the twenty years after the American war of independence has focused on the questions of motivation and direction in imperial expansion. Harlow himself established the terms of the debate. The hiatus which traditional historiography had established in colonial affairs as a consequence of American independence, was swept away to be replaced with a set of themes appropriate to an empire which was undergoing continuous change after the Seven Years War. Two of these diemes in particular have caught the imagination of historians. As trouble and disenchantment spread in the colonies across the Atlantic, there was a marked swing in imperial direction towards die east – to Asia and the Pacific – where the second empire was to have its core. But the change was not only one of direction. The new empire reflected a revulsion against colonization and a clear preference for trade over dominion.

The Egalitarian Moment: Asia and Africa, 1950–80. By D. A. LOW. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv + 131. £10.95, paperback (ISBN 0-521-56765-3).

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-177
Author(s):  
BILL FREUND
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
World War ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Egalitarian Society ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Second World

These four essays by the distinguished historian Anthony Low, best-known to Africanists for his writings on Uganda, constitute the Wiles Lectures given at the Queen's University, Belfast in 1994. Tightly argued, they revolve around a straightforward point. Despite the political impulse which brought about attempts to create an egalitarian society in the Asian and African countryside, the dominant pattern in the generation after the Second World War was one of the strengthening of the class of rich peasants or kulaks. With a few exceptions, Low points to the effacement of landlord regimes and systems based on inequality from above and through status. Attempts to break the back of the rich peasants succeeded only in certain authoritarian states such as China and Viet Nam and even then, the kulaks reasserted themselves. It is the radical experiments such as Mengistu's Ethiopia and Nyerere's Tanzania that Low best likes to juxtapose with displays of power and effective accumulation from below. The implication must be the evisceration of continued attempts to create an egalitarian countryside. Low ranges widely in making this point looking at East Africa, Ethiopia, Egypt, Iran, India, China and the Pacific and his breathtaking sweep makes this suggestive book an enjoyable read.

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