Pious Delinquents: Anticlericalism and Crime in Postrevolutionary Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-210
Author(s):  
Robert Weis
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Virgin Of Guadalupe

As Agent 15 of the Mexico City judicial police made his way home for lunch on a day early in December 1926, he saw a balloon floating in the breeze. He rushed to the rooftop observatorio of his apartment building, where he spotted a girl around 14 years old, wearing a lilac-colored dress, standing on a nearby roof and holding a string. Certain that the balloon had been released from this location, he ran down the stairs, and, while crossing the street, looked up to see yet another balloon. Balloons had been drifting through the sky since early morning, so many and from so many directions that police struggled to find where they were coming from. When the balloons popped, flyers came tumbling down, urging Catholics to engage in peaceful protest against government anticlericalism by adorning their houses with yellow and white stripes in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe on her upcoming feast day, December 12. Accompanied by a beat policeman, Agent 15 approached two men in the building where he had seen the girl with the string, surmising that they had aided the launch. Although a search yielded nothing more incriminating than a stick with four strings, he arrested the men. He and other balloon-chasing police officers were obeying specific orders in hunting down the perpetrators that day, but in a broader sense they had become enforcers of laws introduced in the 1917 constitution that sharply restricted the scope of religious expression and observation in public.

The Virgin of Guadalupe as an Iconic Image in Mexican Culture

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene Villaseñor Black
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mexican American Women ◽  
Virgin Of Guadalupe ◽  
Peace And Justice ◽  
Iconic Image ◽  
Religious Devotion ◽  
The Hill

According to believers, the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared in 1531 to recent indigenous convert Juan Diego on the hill of Tepeyac, north of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán, an area in the environs of Mexico City. The series of apparitions culminated with the miraculous appearance of her image imprinted on his native cloak, or tilma. This painting, housed in the Basilica of the Virgin of Guadalupe in the Villa de Guadalupe in northern Mexico City, has been venerated from the 16th century. The Virgin of Guadalupe is considered the patroness of Mexico, and special protector of its native and mestizo populations. She is perhaps the best-known symbol of Mexico, and her image is very common in the fine and popular arts. She has played a number of roles over the centuries—as object of religious devotion, emblem of national pride, symbol of peace and justice, and feminist icon. Similarly, her image has transformed over time, from the original sacred icon of 1531 to controversial contemporary images from the 1970s. Her image is also frequent in the United States, where 20th- and 21st century Chicana/o (Mexican American) artists represent her in community murals, prints, photographs, sculptures, and paintings. Chicana (Mexican American) women artists have transformed her into a feminist icon, generating controversy and provoking censorship in both the United States and Mexico. Held sacred by many Mexican, Chicana/o, and Latina/o Catholics, the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe has never been neutral, but instead, represents the mutability and political potential of Catholic sacred imagery.

The Virgin of Guadalupe, Juan Diego, and the Revival of theTilmaRelic in Los Angeles

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-514
Author(s):  
Kirstin Noreen
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Our Lady Of Guadalupe ◽  
Virgin Of Guadalupe ◽  
Religious Symbol

Devotion to the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Los Angeles has a complex and multifaceted history. This article will discuss the initial celebrations of Our Lady of Guadalupe, beginning with a procession in 1928 and developing with increasing popularity in the 1930s. By 1941, the Virgin of Guadalupe had become an important political and religious symbol for the archbishop of Los Angeles, John J. Cantwell, who conducted a pilgrimage to Mexico City, during which he reconfirmed the significance of the Guadalupe image for the Los Angeles Catholic community. In commemoration of Archbishop Cantwell's historic visit, a fragment of thetilma, the cloak on which the Virgin of Guadalupe representation had appeared, was offered to Los Angeles. As the only known piece of thetilmacurrently found outside of Mexico City, this relic has great devotional significance. As this article will show, thetilmarelic disappeared into relative obscurity following its arrival in Los Angeles, only to become a renewed focus of devotion over sixty years later, in 2003. This article will conclude with the reasons behind the relic's revival through a discussion of Juan Diego and his canonization.

scholarly journals Explicit modeling of organic chemistry and secondary organic aerosol partitioning for Mexico City and its outflow plume

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 13219-13241 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lee-Taylor ◽  
S. Madronich ◽  
B. Aumont ◽  
A. Baker ◽  
M. Camredon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Large N ◽  
Radiative Impacts ◽  
Organic Hydroperoxides ◽  
Oxidation Chemistry

Abstract. The evolution of organic aerosols (OA) in Mexico City and its outflow is investigated with the nearly explicit gas phase photochemistry model GECKO-A (Generator of Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere), wherein precursor hydrocarbons are oxidized to numerous intermediate species for which vapor pressures are computed and used to determine gas/particle partitioning in a chemical box model. Precursor emissions included observed C3-10 alkanes, alkenes, and light aromatics, as well as larger n-alkanes (up to C25) not directly observed but estimated by scaling to particulate emissions according to their volatility. Conditions were selected for comparison with observations made in March 2006 (MILAGRO). The model successfully reproduces the magnitude and diurnal shape for both primary (POA) and secondary (SOA) organic aerosols, with POA peaking in the early morning at 15–20 μg m−3, and SOA peaking at 10–15 μg m−3 during mid-day. The majority (≥75%) of the model SOA stems from reaction products of the large n-alkanes, used here as surrogates for all emitted hydrocarbons of similar volatility, with the remaining SOA originating mostly from the light aromatics. Simulated OA elemental composition reproduces observed H/C and O/C ratios reasonably well, although modeled ratios develop more slowly than observations suggest. SOA chemical composition is initially dominated by δ-hydroxy ketones and nitrates from the large alkanes, with contributions from peroxy acyl nitrates and, at later times when NOx is lower, organic hydroperoxides. The simulated plume-integrated OA mass continues to increase for several days downwind despite dilution-induced particle evaporation, since oxidation chemistry leading to SOA formation remains strong. In this model, the plume SOA burden several days downwind exceeds that leaving the city by a factor of >3. These results suggest significant regional radiative impacts of SOA.

scholarly journals Determination of particulate lead using aerosol mass spectrometry: MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 observations

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 5371-5389 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Salcedo ◽  
T. B. Onasch ◽  
A. C. Aiken ◽  
L. R. Williams ◽  
B. de Foy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Slow Evaporation ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Icp Ms

Abstract. We report the first measurements of particulate lead (Pb) from Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers, which were deployed in and around Mexico City during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO)/Mexico City Metropolitan Area 2006 (MCMA-2006) field campaigns. The high resolution mass spectrometer of one of the AMS instruments (HR-AMS) and the measured isotopic ratios unequivocally prove the detection of Pb in ambient particles. A substantial fraction of the lead evaporated slowly from the vaporizer of the instruments, which is indicative of species with low volatility at 600 °C. A model was developed in order to estimate the ambient particulate Pb entering the AMS from the signals in the "open" and the "closed" (or "background") mass spectrum modes of the AMS. The model suggests the presence of at least two lead fractions with ~25% of the Pb signal exhibiting rapid evaporation (1/e decay constant, τ<0.1 s) and ~75% exhibiting slow evaporation (τ~2.4 min) at the T0 urban supersite and a different fraction (70% prompt and 30% slow evaporation) at a site northwest from the metropolitan area (PEMEX site). From laboratory experiments with pure Pb(NO3)2 particles, we estimated that the Pb ionization efficiency relative to nitrate (RIEPb) is 0.5. Comparison of time series of AMS Pb with other measurements carried out at the T0 supersite during MILAGRO (using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and single-particle counts from an Aerosol Time-of-Fight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS)) shows similar levels (for PIXE and ICP-MS) and substantial correlation. During part of the campaign, sampling at T0 was alternated every 10 min with an Aerosol Concentrator, which enabled the detection of signals for PbCl+ and PbS+ ions. PbS+ displays the signature of a slowly evaporating species, while PbCl+ appears to arise only from fast evaporation, which is likely due to the higher vapor pressure of the compounds generating PbCl+. This is consistent with the evaporation model results. Levels of particulate Pb measured at T0 were similar to previous studies in Mexico City. Pb shows a diurnal cycle with a maximum in the early morning, which is typical of primary urban pollutants. Pb shows correlation with Zn, consistent with previous studies, while the sources of Pb appear to be at least partially disjoint from those of particulate chloride. Back trajectory analysis of the T0 Pb data suggests the presence of sources inside the urban area SSW and N of T0, with different chemical forms of Pb being associated with different source locations. High signals due to particulate lead were also detected in the PEMEX site; again, no correlation between Pb and chloride plumes was observed, suggesting mostly different sources for both species.

scholarly journals Measurement of ambient aerosols in northern Mexico City by single particle mass spectrometry

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 4499-4516 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Moffet ◽  
B. de Foy ◽  
L. T. Molina ◽  
M. J. Molina ◽  
K. A. Prather
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Inorganic Particles ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Biomass Particles

Abstract. Continuous ambient measurements with aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) were made in an industrial/residential section in the northern part of Mexico City as part of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area-2006 campaign (MCMA-2006). Results are presented for the period of 15–27 March 2006. The submicron size mode contained both fresh and aged biomass burning, aged organic carbon (OC) mixed with nitrate and sulfate, elemental carbon (EC), nitrogen-organic carbon, industrial metal, and inorganic NaK inorganic particles. Overall, biomass burning and aged OC particle types comprised 40% and 31%, respectively, of the submicron mode. In contrast, the supermicron mode was dominated by inorganic NaK particle types (42%) which represented a mixture of dry lake bed dust and industrial NaK emissions mixed with soot. Additionally, aluminosilicate dust, transition metals, OC, and biomass burning contributed to the supermicron particles. Early morning periods (2–6 a.m.) showed high fractions of inorganic particles from industrial sources in the northeast, composed of internal mixtures of Pb, Zn, EC and Cl, representing up to 73% of the particles in the 0.2–3μm size range. A unique nitrogen-containing organic carbon (NOC) particle type, peaking in the early morning hours, was hypothesized to be amines from local industrial emissions based on the time series profile and back trajectory analysis. A strong dependence on wind speed and direction was observed in the single particle types that were present during different times of the day. The early morning (3:30–10 a.m.) showed the greatest contributions from industrial emissions. During mid to late mornings (7–11 a.m.), weak northerly winds were observed along with the most highly aged particles. Stronger winds from the south picked up in the late morning (after 11 a.m.), resulting in a decrease in the concentrations of the major aged particle types and an increase in the number fraction of fresh biomass particles. The highest wind speeds were correlated with the highest number fraction of fresh biomass particles (up to 76% of the submicron number fraction) when winds were coming directly from fires that were located south and southeast of the city based on MODIS fire count data. This study provides a unique clock of hourly changes in single particle mixing state and sources as a function of meteorology in Mexico City. These new findings indicate that biomass burning and industrial emissions can make significant contributions to primary particle loadings in Mexico City that are strongly coupled with local meteorology.

Influence of Green Roofs on Early Morning Mixing Layer Depths in Mexico City

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Williams Vázquez Morales ◽  
Arón Jazcilevich ◽  
Agustín García Reynoso ◽  
Ernesto Caetano ◽  
Gabriela Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Mixing Layer ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Box Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Mixing Depth ◽  
Synoptic Forcing

An urbanized version of MM5 (uMM5) was used at a 500 m horizontal grid-resolution to study effects on morning urban mixing depths and near roof-top stability from use of extensive green roofs in Mexico City, which is characterized by large Bowen ratios and high building storages. The model uses urban-morphology data, while building hydrothermal uMM5 input parameters were obtained from measurements over green and nearby conventional roofs. Evaluation of uMM5 predicted values against rooftop and planetary boundary layer (PBL) observations from extensive field measurement campaigns showed that the model performed reasonably well. Additional simulations were carried assuming that the roofs in entire urban neighborhoods were greened. Predicted mixing depths from these simulations, along with observed air pollution concentrations, were then used in a simple box model to evaluate potential green roof impacts on concentration. Results showed that green roofs produced an early morning (7–10 LST) cooling of up to 1.2 °C at rooftop levels, which reduced mixing depths during that period. Effects were greater on a day with weak synoptic forcing that on one 48 h later with strong synoptic forcing. The mixing-depth decreases produced increased box-model pollutant concentrations. While the green roofs did not elevate the observed concentrations of CO, SO2, and NO2 above World Health Organization (WHO) health standards, they did increase PM10, values (which were already above its standard) by as much as 8% from 7 to 9 LST, when local populations are normally exposed to peak concentrations. This study has applications in the analyses of building energy efficiency.

Villancicos from Mexico City for the Virgin of Guadalupe

Early Music ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Virgin Of Guadalupe

scholarly journals Determination of particulate lead during MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 using Aerosol Mass Spectrometry

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 2581-2632 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Salcedo ◽  
T. B. Onasch ◽  
A. C. Aiken ◽  
L. R. Williams ◽  
B. de Foy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Slow Evaporation ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Icp Ms

Abstract. We report the first measurements of particulate lead (Pb) from Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers, which were deployed in and around Mexico City during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO)/Mexico City Metropolitan Area 2006 (MCMA-2006) field campaigns. The high resolution mass spectrometer of one of the AMS instruments (HR-AMS) and the measured isotopic ratios unequivocally prove the detection of Pb in ambient particles. A substantial fraction of the lead evaporated slowly from the vaporizer of the instruments, which is indicative of species with low volatility at 600 °C. A model was developed in order to estimate the ambient particulate Pb entering the AMS from the signals in the "open" and the "closed" (or "background") mass spectrum modes of the AMS. The model suggests the presence of at least two lead fractions with ~25% of the Pb signal exhibiting rapid evaporation (1/e decay constant, τ<0.1 s) and ~75% exhibiting slow evaporation (τ~2.4 min) at the T0 urban supersite and a different fraction (70% prompt and 30% slow evaporation) at a site northwest from the metropolitan area (PEMEX site). From laboratory experiments with pure Pb(NO3)2 particles, we estimated that the Pb ionization efficiency relative to nitrate (RIEPb) is 0.5. Comparison of time series of AMS Pb with other measurements carried out at T0 (using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and single-particle counts from an Aerosol Time-of-Fight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS)) shows similar levels (for PIXE and ICP-MS) and substantial correlation. During part of the campaign, sampling at T0 was alternated every 10 min with an Aerosol Concentrator, which enabled the detection of signals for PbCl+ and PbS+ ions. PbS+ displays the signature of a slowly evaporating species, while PbCl+ appears to arise only from fast evaporation, which is likely due to the higher vapor pressure of the compounds generating PbCl+. This is consistent with the evaporation model results. Levels of particulate Pb measured at T0 were similar to previous studies in Mexico City. Pb shows a diurnal cycle with a maximum in the early morning, which is typical of primary urban pollutants. Pb shows correlation with Zn, consistent with previous studies, while the sources of Pb appear to be at least partially disjoint from those of particulate chloride. Back trajectory analysis of the T0 Pb data suggests the presence of sources inside the urban area SSW and N of T0, with different chemical forms of Pb being associated with different source locations. High signals due to particulate lead were also detected in the PEMEX site; again, no correlation between Pb and chloride plumes was observed, suggesting mostly different sources for both species.

scholarly journals Emission and chemistry of organic carbon in the gas and aerosol phase at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March 2006 during the MILAGRO study

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 21265-21312 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. de Gouw ◽  
D. Welsh-Bon ◽  
C. Warneke ◽  
W. C. Kuster ◽  
L. Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonaceous aerosol were measured at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March of 2006 during the MILAGRO study (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Objectives). Diurnal variations of hydrocarbons, elemental carbon (EC) and hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) were dominated by a high peak in the early morning when local emissions accumulated in a shallow boundary layer, and a minimum in the afternoon when the emissions were diluted in a significantly expanded boundary layer and, in case of the reactive gases, removed by OH. In comparison, diurnal variations of species with secondary sources such as the aldehydes, ketones, oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) stayed relatively high in the afternoon indicating strong photochemical formation. Emission ratios of many hydrocarbon species relative to CO were higher in Mexico City than in the US, but we found similar emission ratios for most oxygenated VOCs and organic aerosol. Secondary formation of acetone may be more efficient in Mexico City than in the US, due to higher emissions of alkane precursors from the use of liquefied petroleum gas. Secondary formation of organic aerosol was similar between Mexico City and the US. Combining the data for all measured gas and aerosol species, we describe the budget of total observed organic carbon (TOOC), and find that the enhancement ratio of TOOC relative to CO is conserved between the early morning and mid afternoon despite large compositional changes. Finally, the influence of biomass burning is investigated using the measurements of acetonitrile, which was found to correlate with levoglucosan in the particle phase. Diurnal variations of acetonitrile indicate a contribution from local burning sources. Scatter plots of acetonitrile versus CO suggest that the contribution of biomass burning to the enhancement of most gas and aerosol species was not dominant and perhaps not dissimilar from observations in the US.

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