In Vivo Real-Time Simultaneous Examination of Drug Kinetics at Two Separate Locations Using Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes

A unique in situ nanoindentation stage has been built and developed at the National Center for Electron Microscopy in Berkeley, CA. By using piezoceramic actuators to finely position a 3-sided, boron-doped diamond indenter, we are able to image in real time the nanoindentation induced deformation of thin films. Recent work has included the force-calibration of the indenter, using silicon cantilevers to establish a relationship between the voltage applied to the piezoactuators, the displacement of the diamond tip, and the force generated.In this work, we present real time, in situ TEM observations of the plastic deformation of Al thin films grown on top of lithographically-prepared silicon substrates. The in situ nanoindentations require a unique sample geometry (see Figure 1) in which the indenter approaches the specimen normal to the electron beam. in order to meet this requirement, special wedge-shaped silicon samples were designed and microfabricated so that the tip of the wedge is sharp enough to be electron transparent.

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Boron Doped Diamond: A Designer Electrode Material for the Twenty-First Century

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010107 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 463-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Samuel J. Cobb ◽

Zoe J. Ayres ◽

Julie V. Macpherson

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Performance ◽

First Century ◽

Material Surface ◽

Boron Doped Diamond ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Research Areas ◽

Retinal Stimulation ◽

Boron Doped ◽

The Relationship

Boron doped diamond (BDD) is continuing to find numerous electrochemical applications across a diverse range of fields due to its unique properties, such as having a wide solvent window, low capacitance, and reduced resistance to fouling and mechanical robustness. In this review, we showcase the latest developments in the BDD electrochemical field. These are driven by a greater understanding of the relationship between material (surface) properties, required electrochemical performance, and improvements in synthetic growth/fabrication procedures, including material postprocessing. This has resulted in the production of BDD structures with the required function and geometry for the application of interest, making BDD a truly designer material. Current research areas range from in vivo bioelectrochemistry and neuronal/retinal stimulation to improved electroanalysis, advanced oxidation processes, supercapacitors, and the development of hybrid electrochemical-spectroscopic- and temperature-based technology aimed at enhancing electrochemical performance and understanding.

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A microsensing system for the in vivo real-time monitoring of local drug kinetics

Proceedings for Annual Meeting of The Japanese Pharmacological Society ◽

10.1254/jpssuppl.wcp2018.0_po2-14-14 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol WCP2018 (0) ◽

pp. PO2-14-14

Author(s):

Genki Ogata ◽

Kai Asai ◽

Yamato Sano ◽

Madoka Takai ◽

Hiroyuki Kusuhara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Monitoring ◽

Drug Kinetics

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In vivo pH monitoring using boron doped diamond microelectrode and silver needles: Application to stomach disorder diagnosis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep03257 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Stéphane Fierro ◽

Ryo Seishima ◽

Osamu Nagano ◽

Hideyuki Saya ◽

Yasuaki Einaga

Keyword(s):

Ph Monitoring ◽

Boron Doped Diamond ◽

Boron Doped ◽

Stomach Disorder

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Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12020128 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 128

Author(s):

Erin Purcell ◽

Michael Becker ◽

Yue Guo ◽

Seth Hara ◽

Kip Ludwig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Characteristics ◽

Electrode Arrays ◽

Diamond Electrodes ◽

Boron Doped Diamond ◽

Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽

Bonding Structure ◽

Boron Doped ◽

Novel Approach

Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (sp3-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, sp2/sp3 character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. We highlight our team’s progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors.

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In vivo assessment of cancerous tumors using boron doped diamond microelectrode

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep00901 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Stéphane Fierro ◽

Momoko Yoshikawa ◽

Osamu Nagano ◽

Kenji Yoshimi ◽

Hideyuki Saya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boron Doped Diamond ◽

Boron Doped ◽

In Vivo Assessment

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A microsensing system for the in vivo real-time detection of local drug kinetics

Nature Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1038/s41551-017-0118-5 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (8) ◽

pp. 654-666 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Genki Ogata ◽

Yuya Ishii ◽

Kai Asai ◽

Yamato Sano ◽

Fumiaki Nin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Detection ◽

Drug Kinetics

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Boron doped diamond biotechnology: from sensors to neurointerfaces

Faraday Discussions ◽

10.1039/c4fd00040d ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 172 ◽

pp. 47-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

C. Hébert ◽

E. Scorsone ◽

A. Bendali ◽

R. Kiran ◽

M. Cottance ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

High Performance ◽

Microelectrode Arrays ◽

Neural Prostheses ◽

Boron Doped Diamond ◽

Boron Doped ◽

Retinal Implants ◽

Large Populations ◽

The Central Nervous System

Boron doped nanocrystalline diamond is known as a remarkable material for the fabrication of sensors, taking advantage of its biocompatibility, electrochemical properties, and stability. Sensors can be fabricated to directly probe physiological species from biofluids (e.g. blood or urine), as will be presented. In collaboration with electrophysiologists and biologists, the technology was adapted to enable structured diamond devices such as microelectrode arrays (MEAs), i.e. common electrophysiology tools, to probe neuronal activity distributed over large populations of neurons or embryonic organs. Specific MEAs can also be used to build neural prostheses or implants to compensate function losses due to lesions or degeneration of parts of the central nervous system, such as retinal implants, which exhibit real promise as biocompatible neuroprostheses for in vivo neuronal stimulations. New electrode geometries enable high performance electrodes to surpass more conventional materials for such applications.

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Boron Doped Diamond for Real-Time Wireless Cutting Temperature Monitoring of Diamond Coated Carbide Tools

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14237334 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (23) ◽

pp. 7334

Author(s):

Sérgio Pratas ◽

Eduardo L. Silva ◽

Miguel A. Neto ◽

Cristina M. Fernandes ◽

António J. S. Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Heat Dissipation ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Cutting Temperature ◽

Thermal Response ◽

Temperature Monitoring ◽

Wear Properties ◽

Boron Doped Diamond ◽

Boron Doped ◽

Coated Carbide

Among the unique opportunities and developments that are currently being triggered by the fourth industrial revolution, developments in cutting tools have been following the trend of an ever more holistic control of manufacturing processes. Sustainable manufacturing is at the forefront of tools development, encompassing environmental, economic, and technological goals. The integrated use of sensors, data processing, and smart algorithms for fast optimization or real time adjustment of cutting processes can lead to a significant impact on productivity and energy uptake, as well as less usage of cutting fluids. Diamond is the material of choice for machining of non-ferrous alloys, composites, and ultrahard materials. While the extreme hardness, thermal conductivity, and wear resistance of CVD diamond coatings are well-known, these also exhibit highly auspicious sensing properties through doping with boron and other elements. The present study focuses on the thermal response of boron-doped diamond (BDD) coatings. BDD coatings have been shown to have a negative temperature coefficient (NTC). Several approaches have been adopted for monitoring cutting temperature, including thin film thermocouples and infrared thermography. Although these are good solutions, they can be costly and become impractical for certain finishing cutting operations, tool geometries such as rotary tools, as well as during material removal in intricate spaces. In the scope of this study, diamond/WC-Co substrates were coated with BDD by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and the van der Pauw method were used for morphological, structural, and electrical characterization, respectively. The thermal response of the thin diamond thermistors was characterized in the temperature interval of 20–400 °C. Compared to state-of-the-art temperature monitoring solutions, this is a one-step approach that improves the wear properties and heat dissipation of carbide tools while providing real-time and in-situ temperature monitoring.

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