Sooting Propensity Estimation of Jet Aviation Fuel Surrogates and Their n-Alkane Components by the Virtual Smoke Point Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 15072-15076
Author(s):  
Cheon Hyeon Cho ◽  
Ka Ram Han ◽  
Chae Hoon Sohn ◽  
Francis M. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Smoke Point ◽  
Point Method ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Fuel Surrogates

A Study on Bio-Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending for the Production of Renewable Aviation Fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 1008 ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
Rehab M. El-Maghraby
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Jet Production ◽  
Fuel Blending ◽  
Point Total

Aviation industry is considered one of the contributors to atmospheric CO2emissions. It is forced to cut off carbon dioxide emission starting 2020. Current trends in bio-jet production involve mega projects with million dollars of investments. In this study, bio-jet fuel production by blending bio-diesel with traditional jet fuel at different concentrations of bio-diesel (5, 10, 15, 20 vol. %) was investigated. This blending technique will reduce bio-jet production cost compared to other bio-jet techniques. Bio-diesel was originally produced by the transesterification of non-edible vegetable oil (renewable sources), so, its blend with jet fuel will has a reduced carbon foot print. The blend was tested to ensure that the end product will meet the ASTM D1655 international specifications for Jet A-1 and Jet A and can be used in aircrafts.Available data on biodiesel blending with jet fuel in the literature is not consistent, there are many contradictory results. Hence, more investigations are required using locally available feedstocks. The main physicochemical properties for Jet A-1 and Jet A according to ASTM D1655 were tested to check if the blend will be compatible with existing turbojet engine systems. Different tests were conducted; vacuum distillation, smoke point, kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, total acidity and freezing point. In addition, heating value of the blend was calculated. The result was then compared with calculated value using blending indices available in the literature. Blending indices were able to predict the laboratory measured specifications for the studied blends.It was found that only 5% bio-diesel- 95% jet fuel blend (B5) meets ASTM standard for Jet A. Hence, biodiesel can be safely used as a blend with fossil-based jet for a concentration of up to 5% without any change in the ASTM specifications. Freezing point is the most important constrain for this blending technique. Higher blends of biodiesel will cause the bio-jet blend to fail ASTM specifications. In general, blending technique will reduce the cost impact that may have been incurred due to change in infrastructure when using other production techniques.

Prediction of Combustion Performance of Aviation Kerosines Using a Novel Premixed Flame Technique

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Carrier ◽  
R. J. Wetton
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Premixed Flame ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Novel Method

A novel method for predicting aviation fuel combustion performance has been developed in which the sooting point of a premixed flame is detected automatically. Comparisons with full-scale combustor data confirm that the technique is a more realistic index of combustion quality than Smoke Point or hydrogen content.

scholarly journals Effects of aromatic on soot characteristics of aviation fuel surrogates in diffusion flames

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Thong Duc Hong ◽  
Osamu Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
Flame Height ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
Mass Consumption ◽  
Function Of Two Variables ◽  
Fuel Surrogates

Co-annular smoke-free laminar diffusion wick-fed flames of dodecane and its blended with various amounts of propylbenzene of 10, 20, 25 vol.% have been used to study soot formation characteristics. Dodecane and propylbenzene are selected as the surrogates for paraffin class and aromatic class of aviation fuel. A light extinction method is adopted to determine the total soot volume (TSV) as a function of flame height (Hf) and fuel mass consumption rate (FMCR). An empirical model has been built to predict soot formation of dodecane and propylbenzene (Do/PB) mixtures as the function of two variables of FMCR and concentration of propylbenzenet (%PB). TSVs of Do/PB mixtures increase with increasing Hf, FMCR and %PB. The effect of Hf, FMCR and %PB on soot formation are respectively expressed as the quadratic, power law and linear functions. The result of current work creates a database for optimizing the trade-off impacts of aromatic in aviation fuel. This information is of high importance when blending aromatic to bioparaffins, which is produced from triglycerides and fatty acids in the vegetable by hydrotreating process, for using as a fuel in aircraft engines.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF FUNGI CONTAMINATION ON THE AVIATION FUEL AND BIOCIDE INHIBITOR

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Mochammad Fierdaus ◽  
Yannie Kussuryani
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Organic Salts ◽  
Copper Strip ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

Aviation fuel is one of the fractions of fuel oil containing hydrocarbons and trace materials in the form of organic salts. Distribution of aviation fuel to the aircraft allows the aviation fuel contaminated by water due to condensation. The presence of water, hydrocarbons and organic compounds are appropriate conditions for microbial growth. The growth of microbes among other fungi generates biomass that sould can be able block fi lter between fuel tank in aircraft to the engine and have fatal consequences for flight operation. An efforts to prevent the growth of fungi is to add biocides in aviation fuel, which is in this study using formalin. Fungi was used in this experiments consists of four species which were dominant in the aviation fuel that are: Paecilomyces sp.1, Paecilomyces sp.2, Aspergillus sp., Scytalidium sp., as will as a the of mixed cultures of four species of fungus. The concentration of formalin is used as biocide were 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 500 ppm. Parameter measured are dry weight of fungi and physical characteristic of aviation fuel including specific gravity, smoke point, freezing point, copper strip corrosion and flash point. Experiment result showed that the addition of formalin could prevent the growth of fungi in aviation fuel. For Paecilomyces sp.1 and Paecilomyces sp.2, formalin concentration of 150 ppm can prevent fungi growth in aviation fuel signifi cantly. It takes 500 ppm for Aspergillus sp. and 250 ppm for Scytalidium sp. The concentration of formalin 250 ppm and 500 ppm were inhibit the growth of mixed culture. Analysis of the physical properties of aviation fuel, showed that the use of formalin does not affect the quality of aviation fuel in all parameters tested and they meet the quality standards of aviation fuel issued by Ministry of Defence. This means that formalin can be used as biocide for aviation fuel.

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Dried and Acid Treated Shells of Difflugia

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 448-449
Author(s):  
Barry S. Eckert ◽  
S. M. McGee-Russell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Point Method ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Cell Locomotion ◽  
Single Opening ◽  
Scanning Electron

Difflugia lobostoma is a shelled amoeba. The shell is an external structure of considerable mass which presents the animal with special restrictions in cell locomotion which are met by the development of active pseudopodial lobopodia containing, apparently, an organized system of thick and thin microfilaments (Eckert and McGee-Russell, 1972). The shell is constructed of sand grains picked up from the environment, and cemented into place with a secretion. There is a single opening through which lobopods extend. The organization of the shell was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Intact shells or animals with shells were dried by the critical point method of Anderson (1966) or air dried, after primary fixation in glutaraldehyde.

Dermoscopy Analysis Easy by Three-Point Method

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
SHERRY BOSCHERT
Keyword(s):  
Point Method

Microwave resonance method for measuring microliter volumes of free moisture in aviation fuels

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Vitaly V. Volkov ◽  
Michael A. Suslin ◽  
Jamil U. Dumbolov
Keyword(s):  
Solid Surface ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Resonance Method ◽  
Cavity Resonator ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Microwave Resonance ◽  
Free Moisture ◽  
Microwave Losses

One of the conditions for ensuring the safety of air transport operation is the quality of aviation fuel refueled in aircraft. Fuel quality control is a multi-parameter task that includes monitoring the free moisture content. Regulatory documents establish the content of free water no more than 0.0015% by weight. It is developed a direct electrometric microwave resonance method for controlling free moisture in aviation fuels, which consists in changing the shape of the water drops by pressing them on a solid surface inside a cylindrical cavity resonator. This can dramatically increase dielectric losses. Analytical and experimental analysis of the proposed method is carried out. The control range from 0,5 to 30 μl of absolute volume of moisture in aviation fuels with a maximum error of not morethan 25 % is justified. The sensitivity of the proposed method for monitoring microwave losses in free moisture drops transformed into a thin layer by pressing is an order of magnitude greater than the sensitivity of the method for monitoring microwave losses in moisture drops on a solid surface in a resonator. The proposed method can be used as a basis for the development of devices for monitoring the free moisture of aviation fuels in the conditions of the airfield and laboratory. The direction of development of the method is shown.

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