Extracellular
vesicles (EVs) are involved in the regulation of cell physiological activity
and the reconstruction of extracellular environment. Matrix vesicles (MVs) are
a type of EVs, and they participate in the regulation of cell mineralization.
Herein, bioinspired MVs embedded with black phosphorus are functionalized with
cell-specific aptamer (denoted as Apt-bioinspired MVs) for stimulating
biomineralization. The aptamer can direct bioinspired MVs to targeted cells,
and the increasing concentration of inorganic phosphate originated from the
black phosphorus can facilitate cell biomineralization. The photothermal effect
of the Apt-bioinspired MVs also positively affects mineralization. In addition,
the Apt-bioinspired MVs display outstanding bone regeneration performance.
Considering the excellent behavior of the Apt-bioinspired MVs for promoting
biomineralization, our strategy provides a way of designing bionic tools for
studying the mechanisms of biological processes and advancing the development
of medical engineering.<br>
Robust Carbon-Stabilization of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus for Superior Oxygen Evolution Reaction