Size-Dependent Changes in Sea Spray Aerosol Composition and Properties with Different Seawater Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 5603-5612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Ault ◽  
Ryan C. Moffet ◽  
Jonas Baltrusaitis ◽  
Douglas B. Collins ◽  
Matthew J. Ruppel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Spray ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol

scholarly journals Linking variations in sea spray aerosol particle hygroscopicity to composition during two microcosm experiments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara D. Forestieri ◽  
Gavin C. Cornwell ◽  
Taylor M. Helgestad ◽  
Kathryn A. Moore ◽  
Christopher Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Phytoplankton Blooms ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract. The extent to which water uptake influences the light scattering ability of marine sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles depends critically on SSA chemical composition. The organic fraction of SSA can increase during phytoplankton blooms, decreasing the salt content and therefore the hygroscopicity of the particles. In this study, subsaturated hygroscopic growth factors at 85 % relative humidity (GF(85 %)) of SSA particles were quantified during two induced phytoplankton blooms in marine aerosol reference tanks (MARTs). One MART was illuminated with fluorescent lights and the other was illuminated with sunlight, referred to as the "indoor" and "outdoor" MARTs, respectively. GF(85 %) values for SSA particles were derived from measurements of light scattering and particle size distributions, concurrently with online single particle and bulk aerosol composition measurements. During both microcosm experiments, the observed bulk average GF(85 %) values were depressed substantially relative to pure, inorganic sea salt, by 10 to 19 %, with a one (indoor MART) and six (outdoor MART) day lag between GF(85 %) depression and the peak chlorophyll-a concentrations. The fraction of organiccontaining SSA particles generally increased after the peak of the phytoplankton blooms. The GF(85 %) values were inversely correlated with the fraction of particles containing organic or other biological markers. This indicates these particles were less hygroscopic than the particles identified as predominately sea salt containing and demonstrates a clear relationship between SSA particle composition and the sensitivity of light scattering to variations in relative humidity. The implications of these observations to the direct climate effects of SSA particles are discussed.

scholarly journals Gaseous chemistry and aerosol mechanism developments for version 3.5.1 of the online regional model, WRF-Chem

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2557-2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Archer-Nicholls ◽  
D. Lowe ◽  
S. Utembe ◽  
J. Allan ◽  
R. A. Zaveri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phase Chemical

Abstract. We have made a number of developments to the Weather, Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), with the aim of improving model prediction of trace atmospheric gas-phase chemical and aerosol composition, and of interactions between air quality and weather. A reduced form of the Common Reactive Intermediates gas-phase chemical mechanism (CRIv2-R5) has been added, using the Kinetic Pre-Processor (KPP) interface, to enable more explicit simulation of VOC degradation. N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry has been added to the existing sectional MOSAIC aerosol module, and coupled to both the CRIv2-R5 and existing CBM-Z gas-phase schemes. Modifications have also been made to the sea-spray aerosol emission representation, allowing the inclusion of primary organic material in sea-spray aerosol. We have worked on the European domain, with a particular focus on making the model suitable for the study of nighttime chemistry and oxidation by the nitrate radical in the UK atmosphere. Driven by appropriate emissions, wind fields and chemical boundary conditions, implementation of the different developments are illustrated, using a modified version of WRF-Chem 3.4.1, in order to demonstrate the impact that these changes have in the Northwest European domain. These developments are publicly available in WRF-Chem from version 3.5.1 onwards.

scholarly journals Wintertime Arctic Sea Spray Aerosol Composition Controlled by Sea Ice Lead Microbiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1760-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Kirpes ◽  
Daniel Bonanno ◽  
Nathaniel W. May ◽  
Matthew Fraund ◽  
Anna J. Barget ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol

scholarly journals A Dynamic Link between Ice Nucleating Particles Released in Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol and Oceanic Biological Activity during Two Mesocosm Experiments

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina S. McCluskey ◽  
Thomas C. J. Hill ◽  
Francesca Malfatti ◽  
Camille M. Sultana ◽  
Christopher Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Phytoplankton Blooms ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol

Abstract Emission rates and properties of ice nucleating particles (INPs) are required for proper representation of aerosol–cloud interactions in atmospheric models. Few investigations have quantified marine INP emissions, a potentially important INP source for remote oceanic regions. Previous studies have suggested INPs in sea spray aerosol (SSA) are linked to oceanic biological activity. This proposed link was explored in this study by measuring INP emissions from nascent SSA during phytoplankton blooms during two mesocosm experiments. In a Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART) experiment, a phytoplankton bloom was produced with chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentrations reaching 39 μg L−1, while Chl a concentrations more representative of natural ocean conditions were obtained during the Investigation into Marine Particle Chemistry and Transfer Science (IMPACTS; peak Chl a of 5 μg L−1) campaign, conducted in the University of California, San Diego, wave flume. Dynamic trends in INP emissions occurred for INPs active at temperatures > −30°C. Increases in INPs active between −25° and −15°C lagged the peak in Chl a in both studies, suggesting a consistent population of INPs associated with the collapse of phytoplankton blooms. Trends in INP emissions were also compared to aerosol composition, abundances of microbes, and enzyme activity. In general, increases in INP concentrations corresponded to increases in organic species in SSA and the emissions of heterotrophic bacteria, suggesting that both microbes and biomolecules contribute to marine INP populations. INP trends were not directly correlated with a single biological marker in either study. Direct measurements of INP chemistry are needed to accurately identify particles types contributing to marine INP populations.

scholarly journals Microbial Control of Sea Spray Aerosol Composition: A Tale of Two Blooms

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Camille M. Sultana ◽  
Jonathan Trueblood ◽  
Thomas C. J. Hill ◽  
Francesca Malfatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Control ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol

scholarly journals Influence of mineral dust and sea spray supermicron particle concentrations and acidity on inorganic NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> aerosol during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 13827-13865 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Allen ◽  
D. C. Draper ◽  
B. R. Ayres ◽  
A. Ault ◽  
A. Bondy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Phase Partitioning ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Fine Mode

Abstract. The inorganic aerosol composition was measured in the southeastern United States, a region that exhibits high aerosol mass loading during the summer, as part of the 1 June to 15 July 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) campaign. Measurements using a Monitor for AeRosols and GAses (MARGA), an ion chromatograph coupled with a wet rotating denuder and a steam-jet aerosol collector for monitoring of ambient inorganic gas and aerosol species, revealed two periods of high aerosol nitrate (NO3−) concentrations during the campaign. These periods of high nitrate were correlated with increased concentrations of coarse mode mineral or sea spray aerosol species, particularly Na+ and Ca2+, and with a shift towards aerosol with larger (1 to 2.5 μm) diameters. We suggest this nitrate aerosol forms by multiphase reactions of HNO3 and particles, reactions that are facilitated by transport of mineral dust and sea spray aerosol from a source within the United States. The observed high aerosol acidity prevents the formation of NH4NO3, the inorganic nitrogen species often dominant in fine-mode aerosol at higher pH. Calculation of the rate of the heterogeneous uptake of HNO3 on mineral aerosol supports the conclusion that aerosol NO3− is produced primarily by this process, and is likely limited by the availability of mineral dust surface area. Modeling of NO3− and HNO3 by thermodynamic equilibrium models (ISORROPIA II and E-AIM) reveals the importance of including mineral cations in the southeastern United States to accurately balance ion species and predict gas/aerosol phase partitioning.

scholarly journals Influence of crustal dust and sea spray supermicron particle concentrations and acidity on inorganic NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> aerosol during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (18) ◽  
pp. 10669-10685 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Allen ◽  
D. C. Draper ◽  
B. R. Ayres ◽  
A. Ault ◽  
A. Bondy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Phase Partitioning ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Fine Mode

Abstract. Inorganic aerosol composition was measured in the southeastern United States, a region that exhibits high aerosol mass loading during the summer, as part of the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) campaign. Measurements using a Monitor for AeRosols and GAses (MARGA) revealed two periods of high aerosol nitrate (NO3−) concentrations during the campaign. These periods of high nitrate were correlated with increased concentrations of supermicron crustal and sea spray aerosol species, particularly Na+ and Ca2+, and with a shift towards aerosol with larger (1 to 2.5 μm) diameters. We suggest this nitrate aerosol forms by multiphase reactions of HNO3 and particles, reactions that are facilitated by transport of crustal dust and sea spray aerosol from a source within the United States. The observed high aerosol acidity prevents the formation of NH4NO3, the inorganic nitrogen species often dominant in fine-mode aerosol at higher pH. Calculation of the rate of the heterogeneous uptake of HNO3 on mineral aerosol supports the conclusion that aerosol NO3− is produced primarily by this process, and is likely limited by the availability of mineral cation-containing aerosol surface area. Modeling of NO3− and HNO3 by thermodynamic equilibrium models (ISORROPIA II and E-AIM) reveals the importance of including mineral cations in the southeastern United States to accurately balance ion species and predict gas–aerosol phase partitioning.

scholarly journals Sea spray aerosol organic enrichment, water uptake and surface tension effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 7955-7977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke T. Cravigan ◽  
Marc D. Mallet ◽  
Petri Vaattovaara ◽  
Mike J. Harvey ◽  
Cliff S. Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Organic Enrichment ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Phytoplankton Blooms ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Organic Fractions

Abstract. The aerosol-driven radiative effects on marine low-level cloud represent a large uncertainty in climate simulations, in particular over the Southern Ocean, which is also an important region for sea spray aerosol production. Observations of sea spray aerosol organic enrichment and the resulting impact on water uptake over the remote Southern Hemisphere are scarce, and therefore the region is under-represented in existing parameterisations. The Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) voyage was a 23 d voyage which sampled three phytoplankton blooms in the highly productive water of the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand. In this study we examined the enrichment of organics to nascent sea spray aerosol and the modifications to sea spray aerosol water uptake using in situ chamber measurements of seawater samples taken during the SOAP voyage. Primary marine organics contributed up to 23 % of the sea spray mass for particles with diameter less than approximately 1 µm and up to 79 % of the particle volume for 50 nm diameter sea spray. The composition of the submicron organic fraction was consistent throughout the voyage and was largely composed of a polysaccharide-like component, characterised by very low alkane-to-hydroxyl-concentration ratios of approximately 0.1–0.2. The enrichment of organics was compared to the output from the chlorophyll-a-based sea spray aerosol parameterisation suggested by Gantt et al. (2011) and the OCEANFILMS (Organic Compounds from Ecosystems to Aerosols: Natural Films and Interfaces via Langmuir Molecular Surfactants) models. OCEANFILMS improved on the representation of the organic fraction predicted using chlorophyll a, in particular when the co-adsorption of polysaccharides was included; however, the model still under-predicted the proportion of polysaccharides by an average of 33 %. Nascent 50 nm diameter sea spray aerosol hygroscopic growth factors measured at 90 % relative humidity averaged 1.93±0.08 and did not decrease with increasing sea spray aerosol organic fractions. The observed hygroscopicity was greater than expected from the assumption of full solubility, particularly during the most productive phytoplankton bloom (B1), during which organic fractions were greater than approximately 0.4. The water uptake behaviour observed in this study is consistent with that observed for other measurements of phytoplankton blooms and can be partially attributed to the presence of sea salt hydrates, which lowers the sea spray aerosol hygroscopicity when the organic enrichment is low. The inclusion of surface tension effects only marginally improved the modelled hygroscopicity, and a significant discrepancy between the observed and modelled hygroscopicity at high organic volume fractions remained. The findings from the SOAP voyage highlight the influence of biologically sourced organics on sea spray aerosol composition; these data improve the capacity to parameterise sea spray aerosol organic enrichment and water uptake.

Sea Spray Aerosol Chamber Study on Selective Transfer and Enrichment of Free and Combined Amino Acids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Triesch ◽  
Manuela van Pinxteren ◽  
Matthew Salter ◽  
Christian Stolle ◽  
Ryan Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Selective Transfer ◽  
Chamber Study ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Chamber

scholarly journals Sea State and Boundary Layer Stability Limit Sea Spray Aerosol Lifetime over the Southern Ocean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Landwehr ◽  
Michele Volpi ◽  
Marzieh H Derkani ◽  
Filippo Nelli ◽  
Alberto Alberello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Boundary Layer Stability ◽  
Sea State ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol
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