Effects of Cytoflavin and Neuronol on Morphological Changes in the Brain and Survival of Rats with Ischemic Disturbances in Cerebral Blood Flow

2004 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Bulon ◽  
I. B. Krylova ◽  
N. R. Evdokimova ◽  
A. L. Kovalenko ◽  
L. E. Alekseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Brain

Vorläufige Ergebnisse von 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT-Untersuchungen bei endogenen Psychosen

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
J. Schröder ◽  
H. Henningsen ◽  
H. Sauer ◽  
P. Georgi ◽  
K.-R. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Hmpao Spect ◽  
Endogenous Psychoses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
99Mtc Hmpao

18 psychopharmacologically treated patients (7 schizophrenics, 5 schizoaffectives, 6 depressives) were studied using 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT of the brain. The regional cerebral blood flow was measured in three transversal sections (infra-/supraventricular, ventricular) within 6 regions of interest (ROI) respectively (one frontal, one parietal and one occipital in each hemisphere). Corresponding ROIs of the same section in each hemisphere were compared. In the schizophrenics there was a significantly reduced perfusion in the left frontal region of the infraventricular and ventricular section (p < 0.02) compared with the data of the depressives. The schizoaffectives took an intermediate place. Since the patients were treated with psychopharmaca, the result must be interpreted cautiously. However, our findings seem to be in accordance with post-mortem-, CT- and PET-studies presented in the literature. Our results suggest that 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT may be helpful in finding cerebral abnormalities in endogenous psychoses.

Neuroimaging in Drug Discovery and Development: Paradigms for Accelerating New Drug Availability

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-415
Author(s):  
John T. Metz ◽  
Malcolm D. Cooper ◽  
Terry F. Brown ◽  
Leann H. Kinnunen ◽  
Declan J. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Central Effects ◽  
Drug Discovery And Development ◽  
Psychological Tasks ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Phase Iv

The process of discovering and developing new drugs is complicated. Neuroimaging methods can facilitate this process. An analysis of the conceptual bases and practical limitations of different neuroimaging modalities reveals that each technique can best address different kinds of questions. Radioligand studies are well suited to preclinical and Phase II questions when a compound is known or suspected to affect well-understood mechanisms; they are also useful in Phase IV to characterize effective agents. Cerebral blood flow studies can be extremely useful in evaluating the effects of a drug on psychological tasks (mostly in Phase IV). Glucose metabolism studies can answer the simplest questions about whether a compound affects the brain, where, and how much. Such studies are most useful in confirming central effects (preclinical and early clinical phases), in determining effective dose ranges (Phase II), and in comparing different drugs (Phase IV).

scholarly journals Use of 19F NMR Spectroscopy for Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow: A Comparative Study Using Microspheres

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 886-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Barranco ◽  
Leslie N. Sutton ◽  
Sandra Florin ◽  
Joel Greenberg ◽  
Teresa Sinnwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Radioactive Microsphere ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cat Brain ◽  
Nmr Techniques ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Washout Curves ◽  
The Brain

19F NMR was used to determine washout curves of an inert, diffusible gas (CHF3) from the cat brain. The cerebral blood flow was estimated from a bi- or tri-phasic fit to the deconvoluted wash-out curve, using the Kety-Schmidt approach. Cerebral blood flow values determined by 19F NMR show the expected responsiveness to alterations in Paco2, but are approximately 28% lower than cerebral blood flow values determined simultaneously by radioactive microsphere techniques. High concentrations of CHF3 have little effect on intracranial pressure, mean arterial blood pressure or Paco2, but cause small changes in the blood flow to certain regions of the brain. We conclude that 19F NMR techniques utilizing low concentrations of CHF3 have potential for the noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow.

Vasodilation of cat cerebral arterioles by prostaglandins D2, E2, G2, and I2

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (3) ◽  
pp. H381-H385 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Ellis ◽  
E. P. Wei ◽  
H. A. Kontos
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cerebral Arterioles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

To determine the possible role that endogenously produced prostaglandins may play in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, the responses of cerebral precapillary vessels to prostaglandins (PG) D2, E2, G2, and I2 (8.1 X 10(-8) to 2.7 X 10(-5) M) were studied in cats equipped with cranial windows for direct observation of the microvasculature. Local application of PGs induced a dose-dependent dilation of large (greater than or equal to 100 microns) and small (less than 100 microns) arterioles with no effect on arterial blood pressure. The relative vasodilator potency was PGG2 greater than PGE2 greater than PGI2 greater than PGD2. With all PGs, except D2, the percent dilation of small arterioles was greater than the dilation of large arterioles. After application of prostaglandins in a concentration of 2.7 X 10(-5) M, the mean +/- standard error of the percent dilation of large and small arterioles was, respectively, 47.6 +/- 2.7 and 65.3 +/- 6.1 for G2, 34.1 +/- 2.0, and 53.6 +/- 5.5 for E2, 25.4 +/- 1.8, and 40.2 +/- 4.6 for I2, and 20.3 +/- 2.5 and 11.0 +/- 2.2 for D2. Because brain arterioles are strongly responsive to prostaglandins and the brain can synthesize prostaglandins from its large endogenous pool of prostaglandin precursor, prostaglandins may be important mediators of changes in cerebral blood flow under normal and abnormal conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery on the Brain; Simultaneous Assessment of Glucose Uptake, Blood Flow, Neural Activity and Cognitive Function during Normo- and Hypoglycemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina E. Almby ◽  
Martin H. Lundqvist ◽  
Niclas Abrahamsson ◽  
Sofia Kvernby ◽  
Markus Fahlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Counterregulatory Hormones ◽  
Fdg Uptake ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

While Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) surgery in obese individuals typically improves glycemic control and prevents diabetes, it also frequently causes hypoglycemia. Previous work showed attenuated counter-regulatory responses following RYGB. The underlying mechanisms as well as the clinical consequences are unclear. <p>In this study, 11 non-diabetic subjects with severe obesity were investigated pre- and post-RYGB during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamps. Assessments were made of hormones, cognitive function, cerebral blood flow by arterial spin labeling, brain glucose metabolism by FDG PET and activation of brain networks by functional MRI. Post- vs pre-surgery, we found a general increase of cerebral blood flow but a decrease of total brain FDG uptake during normoglycemia. During hypoglycemia, there was a marked increase in total brain FDG uptake and this was similar for post- and pre-surgery, whereas hypothalamic FDG uptake was reduced. During hypoglycemia, attenuated responses of counterregulatory hormones and improvements in cognitive function were seen post-surgery. In early hypoglycemia, there was increased activation post- vs pre-surgery of neural networks in CNS regions implicated in glucose regulation such as the thalamus and hypothalamus. The results suggest adaptive responses of the brain that contribute to lowering of glycemia following RYGB, and the underlying mechanisms should be further elucidated.</p>

Ex Vivo MuEtinuciear NMR Spectroscopy of Perfused, Respiring Rat Brain Slices: Model Studies of Hypoxia, Ischemia, and Excitotoxscit

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Litt ◽  
M.T. Espanol
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
In Vivo Nmr ◽  
In Vivo Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Permanent Brain Damage ◽  
The Brain

We believe there are important roles for in vivo NMR spectroscopy techniques in studies of protection and treatment in stroke. Perhaps the primary utility of in vivo NMR spectroscopy is to establish the relevance of metabolic integrity, intracellular pH, and intracellular energy stores to concurrent changes occurring both at gross physiological levels (e.g., changes in cerebral blood flow, or blood oxygenation), and at microscopic or cellular levels. It has long been known that the brain is exquisitely sensitive to deprivations of oxygen, glucose, and cerebral blood flow. Routine human surgery on a limb takes place every day with tourniquets stopping all blood flow for up to two hours. In contrast, the deprivation of all blood flow to the brain (global ischemia) for approximately 5 minutes can result in severe, permanent brain damage. Research has gone on for more than 30 years to understand why the brain’s revival time is so much shorter, and to discover brain biochemical interventions that might dramatically extend the brain’s intolerance beyond 5 minutes, and therefore be relevant to protection and treatment of stroke. (Kogure and Hossmann, 1985; 1993) Stroke, defined as a permanent neurologic deficit arising from the death of brain cells, kills ∼ 150,000 people in the U.S.A. each year, and is the third leading cause of death (Feinleib et al., 1993). It is the next malady to escape, once one has dodged death from cardiovascular disease and cancer. Many, if not most, U.S.A. stroke victims will receive neurological clinical care not substantially different from what was provided 30 years ago. Most stroke patients will be put in intensive care units where blood pressure will be regulated and kept in a “safe” range, with the body given supportive care and the brain given an opportunity to heal itself. The problem of stroke is actually quite complex because there are several different kinds of stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic, etc.), and because numerous systemic physiological factors are of relevance. Nevertheless, exciting advances in brain biochemistry suggest that stroke therapy and prophylaxis axe likely to improve dramatically in the near future (Zivin and Choi, 1991).

Cerebral blood flow, glucose use, and CSF ionic regulation in potassium-depleted rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (2) ◽  
pp. H250-H257
Author(s):  
H. Schrock ◽  
W. Kuschinsky
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Local Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Low K ◽  
The Brain ◽  
K Depletion

Rats were kept on a low-K+ diet for 25 or 70 days. Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were measured in 31 different structures of the brain by means of the [14C]iodoantipyrine and [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose method. After 25 and 70 days of K+ depletion LCBF was decreased significantly in 27 and 30 structures, respectively, the average decrease being 19 and 25%. In contrast, average LCGU was not changed. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) K+ concentration decreased significantly from 2.65 +/- 0.02 mM in controls to 2.55 +/- 0.02 mM and 2.47 +/- 0.02 mM in the two treated groups (P less than 0.01). CSF [HCO3-], pH, and PCO2 were increased in K+-depleted animals. These data show that K+ depletion induces an increase in CSF pH and a decrease in CSF K+ concentration, both of which cause a reduction in cerebral blood flow. The increased CSF PCO2 is secondary to the reduction of blood flow, since brain metabolism and arterial PCO2 remained constant.

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