Psychometric Evaluation of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) in Chronic Pain Patients

BACKGROUND:Research has shown significant relations between fear and avoidance of pain and the suffering and disability of chronic pain. Effective measurement tools have formed the foundation for studying these relations.METHODS:The present article describes the initial development and validation of the PASS-20, a short form version of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS). Like the original inventory, the PASS-20 measures fear and anxiety responses specific to pain. Items were selected for the short version based on item variance, item intercorrelation and reliability analyses.RESULTS:The PASS-20 shows strong internal consistency, reliability, and good predictive and construct validity. Item reduction appears to result in minimal shrinkage of validity correlations.CONCLUSIONS:Overall, the results suggest that the short form retains adequate psychometric properties. Possible research and clinical implications for the PASS-20 include more efficient screening during evaluations of patients with chronic pain, and use when the time or effort needed for the full version is prohibitive.

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Chronic pain management a fundamental human right: adaptation and examination of psychometric properties of pain anxiety symptoms scale among osteoporosis sample from Pakistan

International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare ◽

10.1108/ijhrh-07-2020-0057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Kanwar Hamza Shuja ◽

Muhammad Aqeel ◽

Rimsha Sarfaraz

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Factorial Structure ◽

Content Type ◽

Pain Anxiety ◽

Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale ◽

Three Factor

Purpose Chronic pain is a global community health and human rights issue. Proper health care is an important necessity for every human being and access for treatment is every human’s right. Likewise, it is significant that proper instruments should be administered to assess these clinical issues. It is equally necessary to reassess these tools accordingly to diverse cultures, especially subjective tools to check their validity and cultural specification. The purpose of this study is to adapt and examine the factorial structure of 20 items and three-factor structure, pain anxiety symptoms scale (McCracken and Dhingra, 2002). As literature evidence suggested of a three-factor structure (Cho, 2010). Design/methodology/approach Primarily, the scale was translated into Urdu language using the forward-backward method. Afterward, a reliability assessment and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for construct validity, on an osteoporosis patients’ sample (N = 250) was performed. Subsequently, an Obliman method exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on an osteoporosis sample (N = 500) for factor structuring followed by validity and reliability analysis. Findings The initial findings demonstrated a high internal consistency of the translated version of the scale (α = 0.85) and an acceptable test-retest reliability (r = 0.69). CFA displayed a high inter-correlation between scale and its subscales. However, CFA suggested a three-factor model. Consequently, EFA proposed a three-factor, 19 item scale, namely, behavioral; cognitive; and physical subscale, which demonstrated high alpha reliability (α.= 0.86). Other results indicated the scale to have a significant predictive and convergent validity for depression and positive and negative affect. Originality/value The present study is novel in its approach as the present study not only tried to adapt the original Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale to Pakistani culture but has also checked the factorial structure of the original scale. The results achieved in the process suggested a three-factor structure scale with 19 items in opposition to the original four structured, 20 items scale.

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The Role of Optimism and Pessimism in Chronic Pain Patients Adjustment

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n1.37335 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 286-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Carmen Ramírez-Maestre ◽

Rosa Esteve ◽

Alicia E. López

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Hypothetical Model ◽

Passive Coping ◽

Pain Anxiety ◽

Chronic Pain Patients ◽

Low Levels ◽

Levels Of Functioning ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

Pain Patients

This study analyses the relationships between patients' dispositional optimism and pessimism and the coping strategies they use. In addition, the coping strategies repercussions on adjustment to chronic pain were studied. Ninety-eight patients with heterogeneous chronic pain participated. The assessment tools were as follows: Life Orientation Test (LOT), the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI), the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Impairment and Functioning Inventory for Chronic Pain Patients (IFI). The hypothetical model establishes positive relationships between optimism and the use of active coping strategies, whereas pessimism is related to the use of passive coping. Active coping is associated with low levels of pain, anxiety, depression and impairment and high levels of functioning. However, passive coping is related to high levels of pain, anxiety, depression and impairment and low levels of functioning. The hypothetical model was empirically tested using the LISREL 8.20 software package and the unweighted least squares method. The results support the hypotheses formulated regarding the relations among optimism, pessimism, coping and adjust of chronic pain patients. By analysing optimism among chronic pain patients, clinicians could make better predictions regarding coping and adjustment.

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Relations between Pain, Anxiety, Mood and Muscle Tension in Chronic Pain Patients

Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics ◽

10.1159/000287864 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 90-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Steven J. Linton ◽

Gunnar Götestam

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Muscle Tension ◽

Pain Anxiety ◽

Chronic Pain Patients ◽

Pain Patients

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The relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain, anxiety and mindfulness: Adjustments to the Fear-Avoidance Model of Chronic Pain

Scandinavian Journal of Pain ◽

10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.08.006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 156-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katherine B. Curtin ◽

Deborah Norris

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Musculoskeletal Pain ◽

Pain Catastrophizing ◽

Pain Severity ◽

Fear Avoidance ◽

Pain Anxiety ◽

Fear Avoidance Model ◽

Chronic Pain Patients ◽

The Relationship ◽

Pain Patients

AbstractBackground and purposeThe Fear-Avoidance Model of Chronic Pain proposed by Vlaeyen and Linton states individuals enter a cycle of chronic pain due to predisposing psychological factors, such as negative affectivity, negative appraisal or anxiety sensitivity. They do not, however, address the closely related concept of anxious rumination. Although Vlaeyen and Linton suggest cognitive-behavioral treatment methods for chronic pain patients who exhibit pain-related fear, they do not consider mindfulness treatments. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP), ruminative anxiety and mindfulness to determine if (1) ruminative anxiety is a risk factor for developing chronic pain and (2) mindfulness is a potential treatment for breaking the cycle of chronic pain.MethodsMiddle-aged adults ages 35-50 years (N = 201) with self-reported CMP were recruited online. Participants completed standardized questionnaires assessing elements of chronic pain, anxiety, and mindfulness.ResultsRuminative anxiety was positively correlated with pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear and avoidance, pain interference, and pain severity but negatively correlated with mindfulness. High ruminative anxiety level predicted significantly higher elements of chronic pain and significantly lower level of mindfulness. Mindfulness significantly predicted variance (R2) in chronic pain and anxiety outcomes. Pain severity, ruminative anxiety, pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear and avoidance, and mindfulness significantly predicted 70.0% of the variance in pain interference, with pain severity, ruminative anxiety and mindfulness being unique predictors.ConclusionsThe present study provides insight into the strength and direction of the relationships between ruminative anxiety, mindfulness and chronic pain in a CMP population, demonstrating the unique associations between specific mindfulness factors and chronic pain elements.ImplicationsIt is possible that ruminative anxiety and mindfulness should be added into the Fear-Avoidance Model of Chronic Pain, with ruminative anxiety as a psychological vulnerability and mindfulness as an effective treatment strategy that breaks the cycle of chronic pain. This updated Fear-Avoidance Model should be explored further to determine the specific mechanism of mindfulness on chronic pain and anxiety and which of the five facets of mindfulness are most important to clinical improvements. This could help clinicians develop individualized mindfulness treatment plans for chronic pain patients.

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