Religious People and Paranormal Believers

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kia Aarnio ◽  
Marjaana Lindeman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Mystical Experiences ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed at clarifying the relationship between religious and paranormal beliefs, on which previous studies have yielded varying results. It was examined whether the relationship varies by the level of religiousness, and individual differences between religious and paranormal believers and sceptics were compared. Finnish participants (N = 3261) filled in an Internet-based questionnaire. The results showed that the relationship between religious and paranormal beliefs was positive among paranormal believers and sceptics but negative among religious people. High intuitive thinking, low analytical thinking, mystical experiences, and close others' positive attitude toward the supernatural distinguished both kinds of believers from the sceptics, while conservation and self-transcendence values distinguished religious people from paranormal believers.

scholarly journals A TOOL OF INTERIOR ANALYSIS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF ANALYTICAL APPROACHES AND MERSIN TRAIN STATION BUILDING SAMPLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 708-731
Author(s):  
Tuğba LEVENT KASAP ◽  
B. Burak KAPTAN
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Train Station ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Architecture ◽  
Mental Actions

Thinking is a skill that involves complex mental actions and shows individual differences. Thinking ability is the most important feature that makes humankind superior to other living things. Individual differences cause thinking to evolve into different types. Analytical thinking can also be defined as an act of thinking and understanding all parts of a whole. According to the philosophy of analytical thinking, all parts of the whole must be understood in order to understand the whole. There is a flow from piece to whole in the analytical thinking approach. In other words, it is an inductive approach. When considered in this context, the understanding of an interior space can be achieved by understanding all the parts of the interior one by one and establishing the relationship with the whole. A limited number of studies related to an analytical interior analysis tool were reached in the literature. For this reason, the aim of the research is to develop an analytical interior analysis tool and to evaluate this method developed within the scope of an example. For this purpose, an interior analysis tool has been developedin the light of the information obtained from the literature review. For an exemplary evaluation, Mersin Train Station Building, one of the works of the Second National Architecture Period, was chosen and was evaluated within the scope of this tool. As a result, it has been found that the use of an interior analysis tool in interior studies allows the examination of all elements of the entire interior, and enables the detection of erroneous and uncontrolled applications carried out in the process, especially in historical places without ignoring.

scholarly journals Edgcumbe. 2019 - The relationship between cognitive reflection and morality judgments are mediated by thinking dispositions.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Edgcumbe
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Thinking Dispositions ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Experiential Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract:Performance on Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is thought to predict moral judgments concerning the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). This relationship is hypothesised to be mediated by the tendency toward thinking dispositions such as actively open-minded thinking (AOT), rational (REI-R) and experiential thinking (REI-E), and religiosity. The relationship between cognitive reflection, intuitive thinking and moral judgments with thinking dispositions are examined. As the MFQ measures five types of moral judgments which include ‘individualising values’ – harm and fairness, and ‘binding values’ - loyalty, authority and purity it was hypothesised that performance on these moral foundations would be influenced by thinking dispositions and cognitive reflection. Results indicate that the relationship between cognitive reflection and moral judgments were mediated differently by thinking dispositions. Religious participants and intuitive thinkers alike scored highly on binding moral values. Analytic thinkers and non-religious participants scored highly on individualising moral values. The data is consistent with religiosity and intuition being inherently linked and suggests that moral values are influenced by individual differences in thinking dispositions and cognitive style.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Reflection Test : a measure of intuition/reflection, numeracy, and insight problem solving, and the implications for understanding real-world judgments and beliefs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Niraj Patel
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Reflective Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Insight Problem ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Insight Problem Solving ◽  
And Performance

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) has quickly become a popular measure of individual differences in propensity to reflect versus rely on intuition (Frederick, 2005). The test consists of three questions, and it has been found to be associated with many different every day beliefs, such as religious beliefs, and performance on heuristics and biases tasks. As such, it has dominated recent theorizing about individual differences in intuitive/reflective thinking propensities. However, it is unclear whether these questions primarily measure individual differences in reflective versus intuitive thinking propensities, versus numeracy, or even another cognitive skill such as cognitive restructuring (i.e. the ability to reframe problems). The present research examined the extent to which the CRT performance can be attributed to individual differences in intuitive/reflective thinking propensities, versus other factors such as numeracy and/or insight problem solving ability, by observing whether presenting the correct answers in multiple-choice format without the "intuitive" answers would make the problems trivially easy or if many participants would still be unable to solve the problems correctly. Furthermore, it sought to determine whether the CRT's associations with other judgments and beliefs (e.g. religiosity, paranormal beliefs, etc.) can be explained by its assessment of intuition/reflection or one of these other factors. Results indicate that performance on the CRT is multiply determined, with numeracy and insight problem solving ability also being primary factors. Furthermore, numeracy in particular could help explain some differences in everyday beliefs. Keywords: Cognitive Reflection, Intuition, Numeracy, Insight, Beliefs, Judgments

scholarly journals Absorption, Mentalizing, and Mysticism: Sensing the Presence of the Divine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Joseph Coleman ◽  
James Edward Bartlett ◽  
Jenny Holcombe ◽  
Sally B. Swanson ◽  
Andrew Ross Atkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Mystical Experience ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Extraordinary Experiences ◽  
Mystical Experiences ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Research suggests trait absorption, individual differences in Theory of Mind (ToM), and orthopraxical training are important for explaining a variety of extraordinary experiences typically associated with religion. However, no studies exist quantifying ToM ability or testing its relationship with trait absorption in the prediction of what is arguably the most ubiquitous type of extraordinary experience—the mystical experience. To address this, two exploratory studies were conducted using a sample of meditators (N = 269) and undergraduate students (N = 123). In study one, regression analyses revealed weekly religious/spiritual practice, absorption, and mentalizing predict increased mystical experiences. Moreover, moderation analysis indicated the absorption-mysticism relationship is stronger among individuals with lower mentalizing ability. Study two only replicated the relationship of absorption and weekly practice with mysticism. These studies highlight the robust contribution of absorption in mystical experiences and suggest a more dynamic role for mentalizing than is accounted for in the current literature.

Paranormal beliefs: their dimensionality and correlates

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 585-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjaana Lindeman ◽  
Kia Aarnio
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
World View ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Order Factor

Lack of conceptual clarity and multivariate empirical studies has troubled research on superstitious, magical and paranormal beliefs. We defined paranormal beliefs as beliefs in physical, biological or psychological phenomena that feature core ontological properties of another ontological category. The aim was to bring together a range of beliefs and their potential correlates, to analyse whether the beliefs form independent subsets, and to test a structural model of the beliefs and their potential correlates. The results (N = 3261) showed that the beliefs could be best described by one higher‐order factor. There were also four lower‐order factors of paranormal beliefs but their explanatory power was low. Magico‐religious beliefs were best explained by high intuitive thinking, a humanistic world view and low analytical thinking. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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