Second-Order Backward Blocking and Unovershadowing in Human Causal Learning

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Tom Beckers
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Causal Learning ◽  
First Order ◽  
Human Causal Learning ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Causal Status

Abstract. De Houwer and Beckers (in press , Experiment 1) recently demonstrated that ratings about the relation between a target cue T2 and an outcome are higher when training involves CT1+ and T1T2+ followed by C+ trials than when training involves CT1+ and T1T2+ followed by C- trials. We replicated this study but now explicitly asked participants to rate the causal status of the cues both before and after the C+ or C- trials. Results showed that causal ratings for T2 were significantly higher after C+ trials than before C+ trials and that T2 received significantly lower ratings after C- trials than before C- trials. The results thus provide the first evidence for higher-order unovershadowing and higher-order backward blocking. In addition, the ratings for T1 revealed that first-order backward blocking (i.e., decrease in ratings for T1 as the result of C+ trials) was stronger than first-order unovershadowing (i.e., increase in ratings for T1 as the result of C- trials).

Higher-Order Retrospective Revaluation in Human Causal Learning

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (2b) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Tom Beckers
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Causal Learning ◽  
Retrospective Revaluation ◽  
Wagner Model ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Contrast Model ◽  
Human Causal Learning ◽  
Causal Status ◽  
Comparator Model

Previous studies demonstrated that participants will retrospectively adjust their ratings about the relation between a target cue and an outcome on the basis of information about the causal status of a competing cue that was previously paired with the target cue. We demonstrate that such retrospective revaluation effects occur not only for target cues with which the competing cue was associated directly, but also for target cues that were associated indirectly with the competing cue. These second-order and third-order retrospective revaluation effects are compatible with certain implementations of the probabilistic contrast model and with a modified, extended comparator model, but cannot be explained on the basis of a revised Rescorla—Wagner model or a revised SOP model.

scholarly journals Higher-Order Illative Combinatory Logic

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 837-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Czajka
Keyword(s):  
Strong Consistency ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
Partial Answer ◽  
Combinatory Logic ◽  
First Order ◽  
Propositional Quantifiers

AbstractWe show a model construction for a system of higher-order illative combinatory logic thus establishing its strong consistency. We also use a variant of this construction to provide a complete embedding of first-order intuitionistic predicate logic with second-order propositional quantifiers into the system of Barendregt, Bunder and Dekkers, which gives a partial answer to a question posed by these authors.

Higher-Order Multilevel Solvers for the EHL Line and Point Contact Problem

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Venner
Keyword(s):  
Contact Problem ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Point Contact ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Order ◽  
Fundamental Point ◽  
Numerical Solver ◽  
Circular Contact

This paper addresses the development of efficient numerical solvers for EHL problems from a rather fundamental point of view. A work-accuracy exchange criterion is derived, that can be interpreted as setting a limit to the price paid in terms of computing time for a solution of a given accuracy. The criterion can serve as a guideline when reviewing or selecting a numerical solver and a discretization. Earlier developed multilevel solvers for the EHL line and circular contact problem are tested against this criterion. This test shows that, to satisfy the criterion a second-order accurate solver is needed for the point contact problem whereas the solver developed earlier used a first-order discretization. This situation arises more often in numerical analysis, i.e., a higher order discretization is desired when a lower order solver already exists. It is explained how in such a case the multigrid methodology provides an easy and straightforward way to obtain the desired higher order of approximation. This higher order is obtained at almost negligible extra work and without loss of stability. The approach was tested out by raising an existing first order multilevel solver for the EHL line contact problem to second order. Subsequently, it was used to obtain a second-order solver for the EHL circular contact problem. Results for both the line and circular contact problem are presented.

From First-Order Coherence to Higher-Order Coherence of Synchrotron Radiation

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuneaki Miyahara
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
First Order ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
The Difference

The difference between first-order and second-order coherence of synchrotron radiation is discussed in relation to how they can be measured and how they affect the noise characteristics of future free-electron lasers.

KK Compatibilism

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Mona Simion
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Proper Action ◽  
First Order ◽  
Knowing That

According to KK Compatibilism, the unassertability in the high-stakes contextualist cases can be explained in terms of the subjects lack of higher-order knowledge: although, strictly speaking, all that is needed for proper action—assertion included—is first-order knowledge, when the stakes are high, we tend to find people who act without knowing that they meet the condition for proper action blameworthy for so doing. This chapter argues that (1) the view misidentifies the epistemic deficit that is explanatorily salient in contextualist cases, in that the absence of second-order knowledge is not a difference maker, and (2) on closer look, the account requires normative finessing for extensional adequacy.

Differences in EDNO contribution to arteriolar diameters at rest and during functional dilation in striated muscle

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. H146-H151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Hester ◽  
A. Eraslan ◽  
Y. Saito
Keyword(s):  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Muscle Stimulation ◽  
Third Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Arteriolar Vasodilation ◽  
Arteriolar Diameter

This study was designed to determine the physiological role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (EDNO) in the control of arteriolar diameter during rest and muscle stimulation. Diameters of first-, second-, and third-order arterioles in the superfused hamster cremaster muscle were measured before and throughout 1 min of field stimulation before and after inhibition of EDNO release. ENDO inhibition by intravenous N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly attenuated the arteriolar vasodilation in response to 1 microM acetylcholine. First-order arterioles averaged 65 +/- 5 microns at rest and dilated to 86 +/- 6 microns during muscle stimulation (n = 9), second-order arterioles averaged 45 +/- 6 microns and dilated to 72 +/- 3 microns during muscle stimulation (n = 6), with third-order arterioles averaging 29 +/- 2 microns, and dilating to 53 +/- 3 microns during muscle stimulation (n = 7). EDNO inhibition significantly decreased both the resting diameter of first-order arterioles (57 +/- 4 microns) and functional dilation (68 +/- 3 microns; P <0.05). EDNO inhibition had no effect on the resting diameter of second-order arterioles (45 +/- 5 microns) yet significantly attenuated the functional dilation (64 +/- 4 microns; P < 0.05). EDNO inhibition had no effect on either the resting diameter of third-order arterioles (30 +/- 2 microns) or the functional dilation (49 +/- 2 microns).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Conservative Transport Schemes for Spherical Geodesic Grids: High-Order Reconstructions for Forward-in-Time Schemes

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (12) ◽  
pp. 4497-4508 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Skamarock ◽  
Maximo Menchaca
Keyword(s):  
Volume Transport ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Time Step ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Reconstruction ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Mesh Density ◽  
Original Scheme ◽  
Dependent Flow

Abstract The finite-volume transport scheme of Miura, for icosahedral–hexagonal meshes on the sphere, is extended by using higher-order reconstructions of the transported scalar within the formulation. The use of second- and fourth-order reconstructions, in contrast to the first-order reconstruction used in the original scheme, results in significantly more accurate solutions at a given mesh density, and better phase and amplitude error characteristics in standard transport tests. The schemes using the higher-order reconstructions also exhibit much less dependence of the solution error on the time step compared to the original formulation. The original scheme of Miura was only tested using a nondeformational time-independent flow. The deformational time-dependent flow test used to examine 2D planar transport in Blossey and Durran is adapted to the sphere, and the schemes are subjected to this test. The results largely confirm those generated using the simpler tests. The results also indicate that the scheme using the second-order reconstruction is most efficient and its use is recommended over the scheme using the first-order reconstruction. The second-order reconstruction uses the same computational stencil as the first-order reconstruction and thus does not create any additional parallelization issues.

scholarly journals Moving breathers and breather-to-soliton conversions for the Hirota equation

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2180) ◽  
pp. 20150130 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chowdury ◽  
A. Ankiewicz ◽  
N. Akhmediev
Keyword(s):  
Schrodinger Equation ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Periodic Oscillations ◽  
Hirota Equation ◽  
First Order ◽  
Special Values ◽  
Analytic Expression ◽  
Free Parameters

We find that the Hirota equation admits breather-to-soliton conversion at special values of the solution eigenvalues. This occurs for the first-order, as well as higher orders, of breather solutions. An analytic expression for the condition of the transformation is given and several examples of transformations are presented. The values of these special eigenvalues depend on two free parameters that are present in the Hirota equation. We also find that higher order breathers generally have complicated quasi-periodic oscillations along the direction of propagation. Various breather solutions are considered, including the particular case of second-order breathers of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

scholarly journals In situremoval of carbon contamination from a chromium-coated mirror: ideal optics to suppress higher-order harmonics in the carbonK-edge region

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1359-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio Toyoshima ◽  
Takashi Kikuchi ◽  
Hirokazu Tanaka ◽  
Kazuhiko Mase ◽  
Kenta Amemiya
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Edge Region ◽  
Carbon Contamination ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photon Factory ◽  
First Order ◽  
Edge Absorption

Carbon-free chromium-coated optics are ideal in the carbonK-edge region (280–330 eV) because the reflectivity of first-order light is larger than that of gold-coated optics while the second-order harmonics (560–660 eV) are significantly suppressed by chromiumL-edge and oxygenK-edge absorption. Here, chromium-, gold- and nickel-coated mirrors have been adopted in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray branch beamline BL-13B at the Photon Factory in Tsukuba, Japan. Carbon contamination on the chromium-coated mirror was almost completely removed by exposure to oxygen at a pressure of 8 × 10−2 Pa for 1 h under irradiation of non-monochromated synchrotron radiation. The pressure in the chamber recovered to the order of 10−7 Pa within a few hours. The reflectivity of the chromium-coated mirror of the second-order harmonics in the carbonK-edge region (560–660 eV) was found to be a factor of 0.1–0.48 smaller than that of the gold-coated mirror.

Cognitive Correlates of Complexity of Children's Drawings

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1079-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Bensur ◽  
John Eliot ◽  
Laxmin Hegde
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Developmental Tasks ◽  
General Factor ◽  
First Order ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
Spatial Intelligence ◽  
Spatial Factor ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Drawing Tasks

240 children (60 each at ages 4, 6, 8, and 10 years) were administered Dennis' (1987) Five Drawing Tasks and five additional developmental tasks. Three hypotheses were tested: that object recognition and working memory would be related to increasing complexity, that both would load on separate factors, and that higher-order analyses would indicate an underlying second-order spatial factor. Analysis included very strong zero-order correlations with age. When age was partialed out, three first-order factors were obtained. Higher-order analyses yielded one second-order factor which appeared related to a general factor of spatial intelligence.

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