Abstract. We present a method for harmonized retrieval of integrated water vapor (IWV) trends from existing, long-term, measurement records at the ground-based mid-infrared solar FTIR spectrometry stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Correlation of IWV from FTIR with radiosondes shows an ideal slope of 1.00(3). This optimum matching is achieved via tuning one FTIR retrieval parameter, i.e., the strength of a Tikhonov regularization constraining the derivative (with respect to height) of retrieved water profiles given in per cent difference relative to an a priori profile. All other FTIR-sonde correlation parameters (intercept =0.02(12) mm, bias =0.02(5) mm, standard deviation of coincident IWV differences (stdv)=0.27 mm, R=0.99) are comparable to or better than results for all other ground-based IWV sounding techniques given in the literature. An FTIR-FTIR side-by-side intercomparison reveals a strong exponential increase in stdv as a function of increasing temporal mismatch starting at Δt ~1 min. This is due to atmospheric water vapor variability. Based on this result we derive an upper limit for the precision of the FTIR IWV retrieval for the smallest Δt(=3.75 min) still giving a statistically sufficient sample (32 coincidences), i.e., precision (IWVFTIR)<0.05 mm (or 2.2% of the mean IWV). The bias of the IWV retrievals from the two different FTIR instruments is nearly negligible (0.02(1) mm). The optimized FTIR IWV retrieval is set up in the standard NDACC algorithm SFIT 2 without changes to the code. A concept for harmonized transfer of the retrieval between different stations deals with all relevant control parameters; it includes correction for differing spectral point spacings (via regularization strength), and final quality selection of the retrievals (excluding the highest residuals (measurement minus model), 5% of the total). The method is demonstrated via IWV trend analysis from the FTIR records at the Zugspitze (47.4° N, 11.0° E, 2964 m a.s.l.) and Jungfraujoch (46.5° N, 8.0° E, 3580 m a.s.l.) NDACC stations. Trend analysis comprises a linear fit after subtracting an intra-annual model (3 Fourier components) and constructing an uncertainty interval (95% confidence) via bootstrap resampling. For the Zugspitze a significant trend of 0.79 (0.65, 0.92) mm/decade is found for the time interval (1996–2008). There is a significantly increased trend of 1.41 (1.14, 1.69) mm/decade in the second part of the time series (2003–2008) compared to 0.63 (0.20, 1.06) mm/decade in the first part (1996–2002). For the Jungfraujoch no significant trend is found in any of the periods (1988–2008), (1996–2008), (1996–2002), or (2003–2008). The results imply either an altitude dependency with a significantly higher trend below 3.58 km than above, and/or strong, regional variations of IWV trends on the scale of ~250 km. This is in line with a widespread, complex, IWV trend picture over Eurasia during the last decades. Our paper provides a basis for future exploitation of more than a dozen existing, multi-decadal FTIR measurement records around the globe for joint IWV trend studies within NDACC that complement existing trend data sets which are based primarily on radiosondes.
Re-analysis of ground-based microwave ClO measurements from Mauna Kea, 1992 to early 2012
