Evaluation of CERES and CloudSat Surface Radiative Fluxes Over Macquarie Island, the Southern Ocean

ABSTRACTCaves of marine origin occur in tectonically uplifted stacks on the coastal terrace and in plateau edge cliffs at a number of locations around Macquarie Island. Some of the caves have been located and their distributions mapped. Four of the best known caves are mapped in detail. Aspects of their geology, structure and biology, including speleothem development, clastic deposits, faunal remains and subfossil deposits are explored. Many of these caves contain deposits, which may have the potential to be investigated, as beach and peat deposits have been, for dating key time periods in the island's evolution. The palaeoenvironmental research potential of the sea caves on Macquarie Island has yet to be exploited. Further knowledge about these caves will assist in the understanding of the processes that have acted on Macquarie Island and other polar and sub-polar islands.

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A Comparison of Southern Ocean Air–Sea Buoyancy Flux from an Ocean State Estimate with Five Other Products

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/2011jcli3858.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (24) ◽

pp. 6283-6306 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Ivana Cerovečki ◽

Lynne D. Talley ◽

Matthew R. Mazloff

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Southern Ocean ◽

Heat Loss ◽

Large Scale ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Buoyancy Flux ◽

Western Boundary ◽

Turbulent Heat ◽

Radiative Fluxes ◽

State Estimate

Abstract The authors have intercompared the following six surface buoyancy flux estimates, averaged over the years 2005–07: two reanalyses [the recent ECMWF reanalysis (ERA-Interim; hereafter ERA), and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–NCAR reanalysis 1 (hereafter NCEP1)], two recent flux products developed as an improvement of NCEP1 [the flux product by Large and Yeager and the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE)], and two ad hoc air–sea flux estimates that are obtained by combining the NCEP1 or ERA net radiative fluxes with turbulent flux estimates using the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) 3.0 bulk formulas with NCEP1 or ERA input variables. The accuracy of SOSE adjustments of NCEP1 atmospheric fields (which SOSE uses as an initial guess and a constraint) was assessed by verification that SOSE reduces the biases in the NCEP1 fluxes as diagnosed by the Working Group on Air–Sea Fluxes (Taylor), suggesting that oceanic observations may be a valuable constraint to improve atmospheric variables. Compared with NCEP1, both SOSE and Large and Yeager increase the net ocean heat loss in high latitudes, decrease ocean heat loss in the subtropical Indian Ocean, decrease net evaporation in the subtropics, and decrease net precipitation in polar latitudes. The large-scale pattern of SOSE and Large and Yeager turbulent heat flux adjustment is similar, but the magnitude of SOSE adjustments is significantly larger. Their radiative heat flux adjustments patterns differ. Turbulent heat fluxes determined by combining COARE bulk formulas with NCEP1 or ERA should not be combined with unmodified NCEP1 or ERA radiative fluxes as the net ocean heat gain poleward of 25°S becomes unrealistically large. The other surface flux products (i.e., NCEP1, ERA, Large and Yeager, and SOSE) balance more closely. Overall, the statistical estimates of the differences between the various air–sea heat flux products tend to be largest in regions with strong ocean mesoscale activity such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the western boundary currents.

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A detrital record of lower oceanic crust exhumation within a Miocene slow-spreading ridge: Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean

Geological Society of America Bulletin ◽

10.1130/b30082.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 123 (1-2) ◽

pp. 255-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. A. Portner ◽

M. J. Murphy ◽

N. R. Daczko

Keyword(s):

Southern Ocean ◽

Oceanic Crust ◽

Spreading Ridge ◽

Macquarie Island ◽

Slow Spreading ◽

Lower Oceanic Crust

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Fur seal skull from sealers' quarters at Sandy Bay, Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247400012651 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 27 (162) ◽

pp. 245-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Townrow ◽

P. D. Shaughnessy

Keyword(s):

Southern Ocean ◽

Arctocephalus Gazella ◽

Archaeological Excavation ◽

Antarctic Fur Seal ◽

Macquarie Island ◽

Fur Seals ◽

Fur Seal ◽

Antarctic Research ◽

The Antarctic ◽

Specific Identity

AbstractFur seals were exterminated from Macquarie Island about 20 years after discovery of the island in 1810. Their specific identity is unknown. Few fur seals were reported at the island until it was occupied by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions in 1948. Fur seal numbers are now increasing. An archaeological excavation at a sealers' quarters at Sandy Bay in 1988 revealed the fragmented skull of a young Antarctic fur sealArctocephalus gazella1.1 m below the surface in a layer dated in the 1870s and 1880s. This period coincides with the recovery of fur seal populations in the South Atlantic Ocean following earlier harvesting. Elsewhere it has been argued that the Antarctic fur seal is unlikely to have been the original fur seal at Macquarie Island because few individuals of that species are ashore in winter, which is the season when the island was discovered and fur-seal harvesting began. It is concluded that the Sandy Bay skull is from a vagrant animal.

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Accumulation of Fishing Debris, Plastic Litter, and Other Artefacts, on Heard and Macquarie Islands in the Southern Ocean

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892900022177 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 249-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

David J. Slip ◽

Harry R. Burton

Keyword(s):

Southern Ocean ◽

Catchment Area ◽

Marine Debris ◽

Minimum Rate ◽

Macquarie Island ◽

Fur Seals ◽

Heard Island

Sections of coastline of Heard and Macquarie Islands were surveyed for marine debris in the summer of 1987–88 and 1989, respectively. These surveys were carried out at the same sites as previous surveys in 1986–87 at Heard Island, and in 1988 at Macquarie Island. The minimum rate of artefact accumulation was 13 objects per km of shoreline per year for Heard Island, and 90 objects per km of shoreline per year for Macquarie Island. Drift-cards, released from known locations and collected on the two islands, show a similar artefact catchment area.Plastic litter was a major component of the debris at both islands. Fisheries-related debris accounted for 40% of all artefacts on Heard Island, compared with 29% on Macquarie Island. Entanglement of Fur Seals appears to be more common at Heard Island, while plastic ingestion by seabirds appears to be more common at Macquarie Island.

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Collembola. Loricata. Brachiopoda. Coleoptera. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Sir Douglas Mawson.H. Womersley , B. C. Cotton , H. WomersleyCumacea and Nebaliacea. B.A.N.Z. Antartic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Sir Douglas Mawson.H. M. HaleDiptera. Miscellaneous Insecta. Lepidoptera. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Sir Douglas Mawson.H. Womersley , N. B. TindalePolychaeta. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Sir Douglas Mawson.C. C. A. MonroOpiliones and Araneae. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.V. V. HickmanCrinoidea. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.D. Dilwyn JohnEndoprocta. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.T. Harvey Johnston , L. Madeline AngelNemerteans of Kerguelen and the Southern Ocean. B.A.N.Z. Antartic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.J. F. G. WheelerDecapod Crustacea. B.A.N.Z. Antartic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.Herbert M. HalePycnogonida. B.A.N.Z. Antartic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.Isabella GordonParasitic Nematodes. B.A.N.Z. Antartic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.T. Harvey Johnston , Patricia M. MawsonIsopoda-Valvifera. B.A.N.Z. Antartic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.Herbert M. HaleSipunculids. The Mollusca of Macquarie Island (Gastropods and Bivalves). B.A.N.Z. Antartic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Douglas Mawson.A. C. Stephen , J. R. Le B. TomlinPlankton of the Australian-Antartic Quadrant. Part I. Net-Plankton Volume Determination. B.A.N.Z. Antartic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Under the Command of Sir Douglas Mawson.Keith Sheard

The Quarterly Review of Biology ◽

10.1086/397953 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 71-72

Author(s):

L. H. Hyman

Keyword(s):

Southern Ocean ◽

Volume Determination ◽

Macquarie Island ◽

Antarctic Research

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An evaluation of COSMIC radio occultation data in the lower atmosphere over the Southern Ocean

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions ◽

10.5194/amtd-7-9771-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 9771-9801

Author(s):

L. B. Hande ◽

D. H. Lenschow ◽

S. T. Siems ◽

M. J. Manton

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Southern Ocean ◽

Radio Occultation ◽

Layer Structure ◽

Lower Atmosphere ◽

Cosmic Radio ◽

Atmospheric Measurements ◽

Macquarie Island ◽

Extensive Evaluation ◽

Break Points

Abstract. The Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) method is a relatively new technique for taking atmospheric measurements for use in both weather and climate studies. As such, this technique needs to be evaluated for all parts of the globe. Here, we present an extensive evaluation of the performance of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) GPS RO observations of the Southern Ocean boundary layer. The two COSMIC products used here are the "wetPrf" product, which is based on 1-D variational analysis with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and the "atmPrf" product, which contains the raw measurements from COSMIC. A direct comparison of temporally and spatially co-located COSMIC profiles and high resolution radiosonde profiles from Macquarie Island (54.62° S, 158.85° E) highlights weaknesses in the ability of both COSMIC products to identify the boundary layer structure, as identified by break points in the refractivity profile. In terms of reproducing the temperature and moisture profile in the lowest 2.5 km, the "wetPrf" COSMIC product does not perform as well as an analysis product from the ECMWF. A further statistical analysis is performed on a large number of COSMIC profiles in a region surrounding Macquarie Island. This indicates that, statistically, COSMIC performs well at capturing the heights of main and secondary break points. However the frequency of break points detected is lower than the radiosonde profiles suggest, but this could be simply due to the long horizontal averaging in the COSMIC measurements. There is also a weak seasonal cycle in the boundary layer height, providing some confidence in the ability of COSMIC to detect an important boundary layer variable.

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