scholarly journals Sector‐based top‐down estimates of NO x , SO 2 , and CO emissions in East Asia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Qu ◽  
Daven K. Henze ◽  
Helen M. Worden ◽  
Zhe Jiang ◽  
Benjamin Gaubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Top Down

From Violated Girl to Revolutionary Woman

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-657
Author(s):  
Suzy Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Woman Question ◽  
Top Down ◽  
State Feminism ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Made In

Feminism, both as theory and praxis, has long grappled with the dilemma of sex difference—whether to celebrate women’s “difference” from men as offering a more emancipatory potential or to challenge those differences as man-made in the process of delineating modern sexed subjects. While this debate may be familiar within contemporary feminist discourses, communist feminisms that stretched across the Cold War divide were no less conflicted about what to do with sex difference, most explicitly represented by sexual violence and biological motherhood. Even as communist states implemented top-down, often paternalistic measures, such policies were carried out ostensibly to elevate women’s status as a form of state feminism professing equality for the sexes. Comparing North Korea with China, this article explores how communist feminisms attempted to tackle the dilemma of sexual difference. Through an intertextual reading of two of the most popular revolutionary operas in 1970s communist East Asia—The Flower Girl from North Korea and The White-Haired Girl from China—it attends to the diverse strategies in addressing the “woman question” and the possibilities as well as limits opened up by communist feminisms.

scholarly journals End of an Era: Transforming Language and Society in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, c. 1870-1950

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-299
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Weng
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
The State ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Language Practices ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
Western Imperialism ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Economic Modernization

AbstractScholars have generally taken a “diffusionist” view of the rise of national standard languages—the state pushes for the wider adoption of such languages, and other forces (principally economic modernization) facilitate its diffusion. But such a view is too mechanistic and Eurocentric, and an examination of other, less-familiar cases lends itself to a revised interpretation. Amid Western imperialism and the rise of nationalism in East Asia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a massive shift in language practices took place between about 1870 and 1950, as regional hegemony shifted from China to Japan. Bound for two millennia by their common use of Classical Chinese, elite literati in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam all moved away from that abstruse lingua franca and turned to the creation of new national vernaculars. I argue for a more “integrationist” perspective: language nationalization was a state-led and top-down process directed at remaking society.

Multiannual Top-Down Estimate of HFC-23 Emissions in East Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 4345-4353 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Fang ◽  
A. Stohl ◽  
Y. Yokouchi ◽  
J. Kim ◽  
S. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Top Down

Terrorism against Modernity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Media Spectacle ◽  
Western Influences ◽  
Terrorist Acts

This chapter examines a “terrorist tradition” in Japan. Driscoll briefly describes the birth of this tradition—the assassination in 1860 of members of the Tokugawa leadership, an event later memorialized as the heroic establishment of Japan’s nation-state. He then focuses on Japan’s “Age of Terror,” which began with the assassination of Prime Minister Hara in 1921. Driscoll analyzes Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu’s murder of two Japanese anarchists, his trial (the nation’s first media spectacle), and his prison notebooks, which played a crucial role in the emergence of a Japanese philosophy of terror. This philosophy and the terrorist acts perpetrated in its name targeted European imperialism in East Asia and Western influences inside Japan. This analysis of the Amakasu incident and its aftermath challenges the simple binary of “top-down versus bottom-up” terrorism, a disciplinary paradigm that Driscoll shows is largely inapplicable to terrorism in East Asia.

scholarly journals An Estimation of Top-Down NOx Emissions from OMI Sensor Over East Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung M. Han ◽  
Hyun S. Kim ◽  
Chul H. Song
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Wind Vector ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Atmospheric Factors

This study focuses on the estimation of top-down NOx emissions over East Asia, integrating information on the levels of NO2 and NO, wind vector, and geolocation from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations. An algorithm was developed based on mass conservation to estimate the 30 km × 30 km resolved top-down NOx emissions over East Asia. In particular, the algorithm developed in this study considered two main atmospheric factors—(i) NOx transport from/to adjacent cells and (ii) calculations of the lifetimes of column NOx (τ). In the sensitivity test, the analysis showed the improvements in the top-down NOx estimation via filtering the data (τ ≤ 2 h). The best top-down NOx emissions were inferred after the sixth iterations. Those emissions were 11.76 Tg N yr−1 over China, 0.13 Tg N yr−1 over North Korea, 0.46 Tg N yr−1 over South Korea, and 0.68 Tg N yr−1 over Japan. These values are 34%, 62%, 60%, and 47% larger than the current bottom-up NOx emissions over these countries, respectively. A comparison between the CMAQ-estimated and OMI-retrieved NO2 columns was made to confirm the accuracy of the newly estimated NOx emission. The comparison confirmed that the estimated top-down NOx emissions showed better agreements with observations (R2 = 0.88 for January and 0.81 for July).

Evaluation of Air Pollutant Emission Inventories in East Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younha Kim ◽  
Jung-hun Woo ◽  
Youjung Jang ◽  
Minwoo Park ◽  
Bomi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Quality Study

<p>Concentration of air pollutants such as tropospheric ozone and aerosols are mainly affected by meteorological variables and emissions. East Asia has large amount of anthropogenic and natural air pollutant emissions and has been putting lots of efforts to improve air quality. In order to seek effective ways to mitigate future air pollution, it is essential to understand the current emissions and their impacts on air quality. Emission inventory is one of the key datasets required to understand air quality and find ways to improve it. Amounts and spatial-temporal distributions of emissions are, however, not easy to estimate due to their complicate nature, therefore introduce significant uncertainties.</p><p>In this study, we had developed an updated version of our Asian emissions inventory, named NIER/KU-CREATE (Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment) in support of climate-air quality study. We first inter-compare multiple bottom-up inventories to understand discrepancies among the dataset(sectoral, spatial). We then inter-compare those bottom-up emissions to the satellite-based top-down emission estimates to understand uncertainties of the databases. The bottom-up emission inventories used for this study are: CREATE, MEIC(Multiresolution Emission Inventory for China), REAS (Regional Emission inventory in ASia), and ECLIPSE(Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). The satellite-derived top-down emission inventory had been acquired from the DECSO (Daily Emission derived Constrained by Satellite Observations) algorithm data from the GlobEmissions website.</p><p>The analysis showed that some discrepancies, in terms of emission amounts, sectoral shares and spatial distribution patterns, exist among the datasets. We analyzed further to find out which parameters could affect more on those discrepancies. Co-analysis of top-down and bottom-up emissions inventory help us to evaluate emissions amount and spatial distribution. These analysis are helpful for the development of more consistent and reliable inventories with the aim of reducing the uncertainties in air quality study. More results of evaluation of emissions will be presented on site.     </p><p>Acknowledgements : This work was supported by National Institute of Environment Research (NIER-2019-03-02-005), Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute(KEITI) through Public Technology Program based on Environmental Policy Program, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(2019000160007). This research was supported by the National Strategic Project-Fine particle of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT), the Ministry of Environment(ME), and the Ministry of Health and Welfare(MOHW) (NRF-2017M3D8A1092022).</p>

A History of East Asia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Holcombe
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
History Of
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