Abstract. A more than two-decadal sediment trap record from the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem (EBUE) off Cape Blanc, Mauritania, is analyzed with respect to deep ocean mass fluxes, flux components and their variability on seasonal to decadal timescales. The total mass flux revealed interannual fluctuations which were superimposed by fluctuations on decadal timescales possibly linked to the Atlantic Multidedadal Oscillation (AMO). High winter fluxes of biogenic silica (BSi), used as a measure of marine production mostly by diatoms largely correspond to a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index during boreal winter (December–March). However, this relationship is weak. The highest positive BSi anomaly was in winter 2004–2005 when the NAO was in a neutral state. More episodic BSi sedimentation events occurred in several summer seasons between 2001 and 2005, when the previous winter NAO was neutral or even negative. We suggest that distinct dust outbreaks and deposition in the surface ocean in winter but also in summer/fall enhanced particle sedimentation and carbon export on rather short timescales via the ballasting effect, thus leading to these episodic sedimentation events. Episodic perturbations of the marine carbon cycle by dust outbreaks (e.g. in 2005) weakened the relationships between fluxes and larger scale climatic oscillations. As phytoplankton biomass is high throughout the year in our study area, any dry (in winter) or wet (in summer) deposition of fine-grained dust particles is assumed to enhance the efficiency of the biological pump by being incorporated into dense and fast settling organic-rich aggregates. A good correspondence between BSi and dust fluxes was observed for the dusty year 2005, following a period of rather dry conditions in the Sahara/Sahel region. Large changes of all fluxes occurred during the strongest El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in 1997–1999 where low fluxes were obtained for almost one year during the warm El Niño and high fluxes in the following cold La Niña phase. Bakun (1990) suggested an intensification of coastal upwelling due to increased winds ("Bakun upwelling intensification hypothesis", Cropper et al., 2014) and global change. We did not observe an increase of any flux component off Cape Blanc during the past two and a half decades which might support this hypothesis. Furthermore, fluxes of mineral dust did not show any positive or negative trends over time which would have suggested enhanced desertification or "Saharan greening" during the last few decades.
Influence of coastal upwelling and El Niño-Southern Oscillation on nearshore water along Baja California and Chile: Shore-based monitoring during 1997-2000
