Marked contrast in wind-driven upwelling on the southeastern Nova Scotia coast in July of two years differing in ENSO conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. Scrosati ◽  
Julius A. Ellrich
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
The World

AbstractUpwelling occurs on several coasts of the world, but it has mostly been studied on eastern ocean boundaries. We investigated upwelling on a western ocean boundary for which limited information exists. Using daily in-situ data on sea surface temperature (SST), we found a marked contrast in coastal cooling between July 2014 (pronounced) and July 2015 (weak) at two locations 110 km apart on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. These findings are consistent with a marked interannual difference in wind-driven upwelling. On the one hand, southwesterlies (which cause upwelling on this coast) were more frequent in July 2014 than in July 2015. On the other hand, Bakun’s upwelling index (which is based on wind data and geographic information) indicated that coastal upwelling was more common and intense in July 2014 than in July 2015, while the reverse was true for downwelling. Interestingly, a strong El Niño event occurred in July 2015, while no El Niño (or La Niña) conditions happened in July 2014. In a recent book evaluating upwelling systems around the world, the system that is the focus of the present study was not included. Therefore, our findings should stimulate future research on upwelling on the Atlantic Canadian coast, in that way helping to further develop the knowledge base for western ocean boundaries.

scholarly journals Deep ocean mass fluxes in the coastal upwelling off Mauritania from 1988 to 2012: variability on seasonal to decadal timescales

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 17643-17692 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fischer ◽  
O. Romero ◽  
U. Merkel ◽  
B. Donner ◽  
M. Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Ocean Mass ◽  
Mass Fluxes ◽  
Sahel Region

Abstract. A more than two-decadal sediment trap record from the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem (EBUE) off Cape Blanc, Mauritania, is analyzed with respect to deep ocean mass fluxes, flux components and their variability on seasonal to decadal timescales. The total mass flux revealed interannual fluctuations which were superimposed by fluctuations on decadal timescales possibly linked to the Atlantic Multidedadal Oscillation (AMO). High winter fluxes of biogenic silica (BSi), used as a measure of marine production mostly by diatoms largely correspond to a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index during boreal winter (December–March). However, this relationship is weak. The highest positive BSi anomaly was in winter 2004–2005 when the NAO was in a neutral state. More episodic BSi sedimentation events occurred in several summer seasons between 2001 and 2005, when the previous winter NAO was neutral or even negative. We suggest that distinct dust outbreaks and deposition in the surface ocean in winter but also in summer/fall enhanced particle sedimentation and carbon export on rather short timescales via the ballasting effect, thus leading to these episodic sedimentation events. Episodic perturbations of the marine carbon cycle by dust outbreaks (e.g. in 2005) weakened the relationships between fluxes and larger scale climatic oscillations. As phytoplankton biomass is high throughout the year in our study area, any dry (in winter) or wet (in summer) deposition of fine-grained dust particles is assumed to enhance the efficiency of the biological pump by being incorporated into dense and fast settling organic-rich aggregates. A good correspondence between BSi and dust fluxes was observed for the dusty year 2005, following a period of rather dry conditions in the Sahara/Sahel region. Large changes of all fluxes occurred during the strongest El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in 1997–1999 where low fluxes were obtained for almost one year during the warm El Niño and high fluxes in the following cold La Niña phase. Bakun (1990) suggested an intensification of coastal upwelling due to increased winds ("Bakun upwelling intensification hypothesis", Cropper et al., 2014) and global change. We did not observe an increase of any flux component off Cape Blanc during the past two and a half decades which might support this hypothesis. Furthermore, fluxes of mineral dust did not show any positive or negative trends over time which would have suggested enhanced desertification or "Saharan greening" during the last few decades.

scholarly journals The role of satellite observations in understanding the impact of El Niño on the carbon cycle: current capabilities and future opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1760) ◽  
pp. 20170407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul I. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
Climate Variation ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Impact

The 2015/2016 El Niño was the first major climate variation when there were a range of satellite observations that simultaneously observed land, ocean and atmospheric properties associated with the carbon cycle. These data are beginning to provide new insights into the varied responses of land ecosystems to El Niño, but we are far from fully exploiting the information embodied by these data. Here, we briefly review the atmospheric and terrestrial satellite data that are available to study the carbon cycle. We also outline recommendations for future research, particularly the closer integration of satellite data with forest biometric datasets that provide detailed information about carbon dynamics on a range of timescales. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’.

Coastal upwelling off Peru during normal and El Niño times, 1981–1984

1987 ◽  
Vol 92 (C13) ◽  
pp. 14297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Huyer ◽  
Robert L. Smith ◽  
Theresa Paluszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
El Nino

scholarly journals El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Associated Climatic Conditions around the World during the Latter Half of the Twenty-First Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (15) ◽  
pp. 6189-6207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B. Power ◽  
François P. D. Delage
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Precipitation Variability ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Mean State

Increases in greenhouse gas emissions are expected to cause changes both in climatic variability in the Pacific linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and in long-term average climate. While mean state and variability changes have been studied separately, much less is known about their combined impact or relative importance. Additionally, studies of projected changes in ENSO have tended to focus on changes in, or adjacent to, the Pacific. Here we examine projected changes in climatic conditions during El Niño years and in ENSO-driven precipitation variability in 36 CMIP5 models. The models are forced according to the RCP8.5 scenario in which there are large, unmitigated increases in greenhouse gas concentrations during the twenty-first century. We examine changes over much of the globe, including 25 widely spread regions defined in the IPCC special report Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). We confirm that precipitation variability associated with ENSO is projected to increase in the tropical Pacific, consistent with earlier research. We also find that the enhanced tropical Pacific variability drives ENSO-related variability increases in 19 SREX regions during DJF and in 18 during JJA. This externally forced increase in ENSO-driven precipitation variability around the world is on the order of 15%–20%. An increase of this size, although substantial, is easily masked at the regional level by internally generated multidecadal variability in individual runs. The projected changes in El Niño–driven precipitation variability are typically much smaller than projected changes in both mean state and ENSO neutral conditions in nearly all regions.

scholarly journals Release and dispersion of vegetation and peat fire emissions in the atmosphere over Indonesia 1997/1998

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2145-2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langmann ◽  
A. Heil
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
El Niño Event ◽  
Peat Fire ◽  
Peat Fires ◽  
Vegetation And Peat Fires

Abstract. Smoke-haze episodes caused by vegetation and peat fires affect parts of Indonesia every year with significant impacts on human health and climate. Particularly fires in degenerated peat areas release huge amounts of trace gases, e.g. CO2, CO and CH4, and particles into the atmosphere, exceeding by far the emissions per unit area from fires in surface vegetation. However, only limited information is available about the current distribution of pristine and degenerated peat areas in Indonesia, their depth, drainage condition and modification by fire. Particularly during the strong El Niño event in 1997/1998 a huge uncertainty exists about the contribution of Indonesian peat fire emissions to the measured increase of atmospheric CO2, as the published estimates of the peat area burned differ considerably. In this paper we study the contribution of peat fire emissions in Indonesia during the El Niño event 1997/1998. A regional three-dimensional atmosphere-chemistry model is applied over Indonesia using two emission estimates. These vegetation and peat fire emission inventories for Indonesia are set up in 0.5° resolution in weekly intervals and differ only in the size of the fire affected peat areas. We evaluate simulated rainfall and particle concentrations by comparison with observations to draw conclusions on the total carbon emissions released from the vegetation and peat fires in Indonesia in 1997/1998.

scholarly journals Understanding ENSO Diversity

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonietta Capotondi ◽  
Andrew T. Wittenberg ◽  
Matthew Newman ◽  
Emanuele Di Lorenzo ◽  
Jin-Yi Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Current State ◽  
Global Impacts ◽  
Enso Diversity

Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring mode of tropical Pacific variability, with global impacts on society and natural ecosystems. While it has long been known that El Niño events display a diverse range of amplitudes, triggers, spatial patterns, and life cycles, the realization that ENSO’s impacts can be highly sensitive to this event-to-event diversity is driving a renewed interest in the subject. This paper surveys our current state of knowledge of ENSO diversity, identifies key gaps in understanding, and outlines some promising future research directions.

Coastal upwelling along the north coast of Papua New Guinea and El Niño events during 1981–2005

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Hasegawa ◽  
Kentaro Ando ◽  
Keisuke Mizuno ◽  
Roger Lukas ◽  
Bunmei Taguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
El Nino ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
El Niño Events ◽  
El Nino Events

scholarly journals Criança-arteira

2017 ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
Bernardo de Vito Schneider ◽  
Renata Sieiro Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Child Art ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Este texto ensaístico apresenta duas ideias principais - a criança e a arte - e sobre as quais se indaga, buscando as interfaces e os atravessamentos desse ser social, a criança, com a linguagem poética, comunicativa e expressiva. Nesse exercício, questiona-se sobre o que e como ambos inauguram possibilidades de existência e de signiHcação do mundo, apontando para a construção de metáforas e conceitos, a relação com a magia e o encantamento, a transgressão no tempo e no espaço, a instauração do instituinte, a ruptura ou o desvio no padronizado. Por Em, considera a constituição ou a transmutação da criança em obra de arte.Palavras-chave: Criança. Arte. Transmutação.Artfulness childAbstractThis essay presents and inquiries about two main ideas, the child and the art, seeking interfaces and crossings of this social being, the child, with poetic, communicative and expressive language. In this exercise, we question in which form and how both of them produce possibilities of existence and meaning of the world, pointing out to the construction of metaphors and concepts, the relationship with magic and enchantment, transgression in time and space, the establishment of the instituting, the rupture or the deviation from the standardized one. Finally, it considers the constitution or transmutation of the child into a work of art.Keywords: Child. Art. Transmutation.Nino arteroResumenEste texto ensayístico presenta y se indaga sobre dos ideas principales, el nino y el arte, buscando las interfaces y los atravesamientos de ese ser social con el lenguaje poético, comunicativo y expresivo. En este ejercicio se cuestiona sobre qué y cómo ambos inaugura posibilidades de existencia y de significación del mundo, apuntando a la construcción de metáforas y conceptos, la relación con la magia y el encantamiento, la transgresión en el tiempo y en el espacio, el instituto, la ruptura o la desviación en el estandarizado. Por último, considera la constitución o la transmutación del nino en obra de arte..Palabras clave: Nino. Arte. Transmutación.

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