Sending memorable messages to the old: Age differences in preferences and memory for advertisements.

The mechanisms for making the gerontological models in traditional and contemporary culture are described in the article. Viewson the age in a culture are able to simulate human life and are used by a culture subject for understanding and explaining different situations of development, as well as its mental acceptance or rejection. Age stereotypes reflect characteristics and properties specified by the culture for people of certain age, and are set by the society through traditions. Individual age differences in each culture reflect the corresponding properties of the age layers and have their own regulatory controls: age ceremonies. Modern cultural approach is able to explain the phenomenon of old age from the perspective of changing values and moral qualities of the aging individual. The mental world of old age can accommodate the whole system which is directly or indirectly associated with old age and aging representations formed in both individual and collective consciousness of culture subject.Structuring these ideas can be performedon various bases: detaillevel; comparative context; domination of intellectual forms; acceptance / rejection of old age, etc. Gerontological model in a culture can be built on actual bases: substrate, space, time, energy, and information; while the factor of acceptance or rejection of certain grounds of the models will be dominant. Acceptance or rejection of oneself in old age suggests a kind of mental process of "trying on" certain age stereotypes by the culture subject. The results of this process directly depend on the age potential and individual horizons of opportunities. Ideally, each culture subject makes a decision on what can or cannot be done within the framework of his/her age. Cultural capacity of mentalnon- aging lies in the strengthening of all life potentials of a "man of culture".

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Leisure activities and retirement: do structures of inequality change in old age?

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x10000577 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 146-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

SIMONE SCHERGER ◽

JAMES NAZROO ◽

PAUL HIGGS

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

Age Differences ◽

Classical Music ◽

Empirical Investigation ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Leisure Activities ◽

Age Groups ◽

Considerable Part ◽

The Social ◽

English Longitudinal Study

ABSTRACTIn this paper, relationships between old age, retirement and social inequalities, as marked by participation in leisure activities, are examined. Two issues are tackled: first, whether old age and particularly the transition into retirement have an effect on participation in three selected activities; and second, whether the social inequalities underlying these activities change with older age and retirement. The empirical investigation uses data from the first two waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), which included variables on having a hobby, being a member of a club, and an index of participation in cultural events (cinema, theatre/opera/classical music performances, museums and galleries). The different socio-economic backgrounds of different age groups explain a considerable part of the observed age differences in these activities. Longitudinal analyses show that respondents tended to continue their activities regardless of changes in work and age, with two exceptions, namely that retirement was positively related to having a hobby, and those who stopped working because of an illness experienced a significant decline in all three of the examined categories of activity. The pattern of continuity also applied to socio-economic differences in patterns of participation in leisure activities. Some indications of slightly growing inequalities with age require further investigation.

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Age differences in major depression: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291709990213 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 225-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 265

Author(s):

R. C. Kessler ◽

H. Birnbaum ◽

E. Bromet ◽

I. Hwang ◽

N. Sampson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Old Age ◽

Age Differences ◽

Late Life ◽

The Elderly ◽

National Comorbidity Survey Replication ◽

National Comorbidity Survey ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Physical Disorders ◽

Dsm Iv

BackgroundAlthough depression appears to decrease in late life, this could be due to misattribution of depressive symptom to physical disorders that increase in late life.MethodWe studied age differences in major depressive episodes (MDE) in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a national survey of the US household population. DSM-IV MDE was defined without organic exclusions or diagnostic hierarchy rules to facilitate analysis of co-morbidity. Physical disorders were assessed with a standard chronic conditions checklist and mental disorders with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) version 3.0.ResultsLifetime and recent DSM-IV/CIDI MDE were significantly less prevalent among respondents aged ⩾65 years than among younger adults. Recent episode severity, but not duration, was also lower among the elderly. Despite prevalence of mental disorders decreasing with age, co-morbidity of hierarchy-free MDE with these disorders was either highest among the elderly or unrelated to age. Co-morbidity of MDE with physical disorders, in comparison, generally decreased with age despite prevalence of co-morbid physical disorders usually increasing. Somewhat more than half of respondents with 12-month MDE received past-year treatment, but the percentage in treatment was lowest and most concentrated in the general medical sector among the elderly.ConclusionsGiven that physical disorders increase with age independent of depression, their lower associations with MDE in old age argue that causal effects of physical disorders on MDE weaken in old age. This result argues against the suggestion that the low estimated prevalence of MDE among the elderly is due to increased confounding with physical disorders.

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Trustworthiness: A Developmental Perspective

10.31235/osf.io/6j7nf ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Bastian Jaeger ◽

Anthony M Evans ◽

Ilja van Beest

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Development ◽

Social Behavior ◽

Old Age ◽

Age Differences ◽

Perspective Taking ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Self Control ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Fairness Concerns ◽

Economic Functioning

Trust and trustworthiness are important pillars of interpersonal, societal, and economic functioning. We provide an overview of how trustworthiness develops across the lifespan. Previous studies point to an increase in trustworthiness during childhood; relatively stable levels throughout adolescence and adulthood; and some evidence suggests a further increase in old age. Young children's lower levels of trustworthiness are mirrored by differences in fundamental motives that drive social behavior, such as concerns for reciprocity and fairness. While reciprocal tendencies emerge early, young children show less fairness concerns. This pattern can be linked to the development of certain cognitive abilities that are necessary to engage in social behaviors beyond indiscriminate selfishness. Children need to exert self-control to resist the temptation of keeping all resources to themselves and they need to engage in perspective-taking to appreciate the negative consequences of their selfishness. Thus, both social and cognitive development should be considered when studying age differences in trustworthiness.

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