State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin: 2005 guidelines for West Nile virus surveillance in Alaska

West Nile virus (WNV) infection is notifiable in humans and equids in the European Union (EU). An area where a human case is detected is considered affected until the end of the mosquito transmission season (week 48) and blood safety measures have to be implemented. We used human and equine case notifications between 2013 and 2017 to define the WNV distribution in the EU and to investigate the relevance of using equine cases as a complementary trigger for blood safety measures. Adding areas with equine cases to the definition of an affected area would have a major impact on blood safety measures. Adding areas with equine cases where human cases have been reported in the past would increase the timeliness of blood safety measures with only a limited impact. Although the occurrence of human and/or equine cases confirms virus circulation in the EU, no evidence was found that occurrence of equine cases leads to human cases and vice versa. We conclude that information about equine data should contribute to raising awareness among public health experts and trigger enhanced surveillance. Further studies are required before extending the definition of affected areas to areas with human and/or equine cases.

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Importance of Multidisciplinary and Regional Collaboration in Integrated West Nile Virus Surveillance - the „One Health” Concept

Infektološki glasnik ◽

10.37797/ig.39.2.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 40-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek ◽

Dejan Vidanović ◽

Ljubo Barbić ◽

Pavle Jeličić ◽

Sava Lazić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

West Nile Virus ◽

One Health ◽

West Nile ◽

Virus Surveillance ◽

Regional Collaboration ◽

Health Concept ◽

The One

West Nile virus (WNV) danas je jedan od najrasprostranjenijih arbovirusa. U posljednja se dva desetljeća WNV infekcije kontinuirano pojavljuju na području Europe u obliku manjih ili većih epidemija i epizootija. U ovom preglednom radu prikazujemo epidemiološke značajke WNV infekcija koje su dokazane na području Hrvatske i Srbije u kontekstu “Jednog zdravlja”. Prikazani rezultati potvrđuju značaj multidisciplinarne i regionalne suradnje u dijagnostici i praćenju ove (re-)emergentne virusne zoonoze.

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Enterovirus Detection as a Result of West Nile Virus Surveillance

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1309/3hfn3rv1w1v8pjup ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 128 (6) ◽

pp. 936-938 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sydney M. Harvey ◽

Anthony H. Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

West Nile Virus ◽

West Nile ◽

Virus Surveillance

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West Nile Virus Surveillance, Guadeloupe, 2003–2004

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3201/eid1107.050105 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1100-1103 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Thierry Lefrançois ◽

Bradley J. Blitvich ◽

Jennifer Pradel ◽

Sophie Molia ◽

Nathalie Vachiéry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

West Nile Virus ◽

West Nile ◽

Virus Surveillance

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Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (Pica pica) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11080716 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 716 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Napp ◽

Montalvo ◽

Piñol-Baena ◽

Gómez-Martín ◽

Nicolás-Francisco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

West Nile Virus ◽

Active Surveillance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Pica Pica ◽

Northern Spain ◽

West Nile ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Virus Surveillance ◽

Lineage 2 ◽

First Time

: In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (Pica pica) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas.

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COMPARISON OF MOSQUITO TRAPPING METHOD EFFICACY FOR WEST NILE VIRUS SURVEILLANCE IN NEW MEXICO

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association ◽

10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[246:comtme]2.0.co;2 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 246-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

MARK A. DiMENNA ◽

RUDY BUENO ◽

ROBERT R. PARMENTER ◽

DOUGLAS E. NORRIS ◽

JEFF M. SHEYKA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

West Nile Virus ◽

West Nile ◽

Virus Surveillance ◽

Trapping Method

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Epidemiological perspectives on West Nile virus surveillance in wild birds in Great Britain

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026881200177x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 141 (6) ◽

pp. 1134-1142 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

V. A. BRUGMAN ◽

D. L. HORTON ◽

L. P. PHIPPS ◽

N. JOHNSON ◽

A. J. C. COOK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

West Nile Virus ◽

Bird Species ◽

Wild Birds ◽

West Nile ◽

Peak Period ◽

Dead Bird ◽

Virus Surveillance ◽

Vector Activity ◽

Geographical Expansion

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne pathogen with continued geographical expansion in Europe. We present and evaluate data on the temporal, spatial and bird species focus of the WNV surveillance programme in dead wild birds in Great Britain (2002–2009). During this period all bird samples tested negative for WNV. Eighty-two per cent of the 2072 submissions occurred during the peak period of vector activity with 53% tested during April–July before human and equine infection would be expected. Samples were received from every county, but there was significant geographical clustering (nearest neighbour index=0·23, P<0·001). Over 240 species were represented, with surveillance more likely to detect WNV in resident bird species (92% of submissions) than migrants (8%). Evidence indicates that widespread avian mortality is not generally a reported feature of WNV in Europe and hence additional activities other than dead bird surveillance may maximize the ability to detect WNV circulation before the onset of human and equine infections.

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Retrospective space–time analysis methods to support West Nile virus surveillance activities

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814000442 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (1) ◽

pp. 202-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

P. MULATTI ◽

M. MAZZUCATO ◽

F. MONTARSI ◽

S. CIOCCHETTA ◽

G. CAPELLI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

West Nile Virus ◽

Linear Models ◽

Space Time ◽

Scan Statistics ◽

Limited Area ◽

Entomological Surveillance ◽

West Nile ◽

Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽

Virus Surveillance ◽

Human West Nile Virus

SUMMARYThe steep increase in human West Nile virus (WNV) infections in 2011–2012 in north-eastern Italy prompted a refinement of the surveillance plan. Data from the 2010–2012 surveillance activities on mosquitoes, equines, and humans were analysed through Bernoulli space–time scan statistics, to detect the presence of recurrent WNV infection hotspots. Linear models were fit to detect the possible relationships between WNV occurrence in humans and its activity in mosquitoes. Clusters were detected for all of the hosts, defining a limited area on which to focus surveillance and promptly identify WNV reactivation. Positive relationships were identified between WNV in humans and in mosquitoes; although it was not possible to define precise spatial and temporal scales at which entomological surveillance could predict the increasing risk of human infections. This stresses the necessity to improve entomological surveillance by increasing both the density of trapping sites and the frequency of captures.

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