Rational and interactional decision-making roles in task-oriented groups

Real-world applications often involve domain-specific and task-based performance objectives that are not captured by the standard machine learning losses, but are critical for decision making. A key challenge for direct integration of more meaningful domain and task-based evaluation criteria into an end-to-end gradient-based training process is the fact that often such performance objectives are not necessarily differentiable and may even require additional decision-making optimization processing. We propose the Task-Oriented Prediction Network (TOPNet), an end-to-end learning scheme that automatically integrates task-based evaluation criteria into the learning process via a learnable surrogate loss function, which directly guides the model towards the task-based goal. A major benefit of the proposed TOPNet learning scheme lies in its capability of automatically integrating non-differentiable evaluation criteria, which makes it particularly suitable for diversified and customized task-based evaluation criteria in real-world tasks. We validate the performance of TOPNet on two real-world financial prediction tasks, revenue surprise forecasting and credit risk modeling. The experimental results demonstrate that TOPNet significantly outperforms both traditional modeling with standard losses and modeling with hand-crafted heuristic differentiable surrogate losses.

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Influence of Status on Group Interaction Processes: Electronic Mail versus Face-To-Face Discussions

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128703101212 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 31 (12) ◽

pp. 1355-1359

Author(s):

Jayanti Balasubramaniam

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Electronic Mail ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

High Status ◽

Face To Face ◽

Interaction Processes ◽

Computer Mediated ◽

Group Members ◽

Task Oriented ◽

Formal Status

Experimental studies conducted by Siegel et al. (1986) revealed that members of decision making groups participated more equally in computer-mediated discussions than in face-to-face discussions. These studies dealt with group of peers. The purpose of this study was to test whether computer media has an equalizing affect on participation of members of different formal statuses. The experimental design and procedure were similar to the previous study. The main difference was that each group included one high status member and three low status members and all members were of the same gender, in order to avoid effect of diffusion status. The experiment showed that, as expected, the computer media had equalizing affect on participation of group members of different formal status. While in face-to-face discussions, high status members initiated discussion more frequently, spoke more, and were more task-oriented than low status members, in computer-mediated discussions, these measures did not differ significantly for members of different statuses.

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The Effects of Top Management Team Size and interaction Norms on Cognitive and Affective Conflict

Journal of Management ◽

10.1177/014920639702300401 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 495-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 280

Author(s):

Allen C. Amason ◽

Harry J. Sapienza

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Top Management Team ◽

Cognitive Conflict ◽

Top Management Teams ◽

Management Team ◽

Strategic Decision ◽

Strategic Decision Making ◽

Top Management ◽

Team Size ◽

Task Oriented

There is mounting evidence that effective top management teams engage in cognitive conflict but limit affective conflict. Cognitive conflict is task-oriented disagreement arising from differences in perspective. Affective conflict is individual-oriented disagreement arising from personal disaffection. This study of 48 TMTs found that team size and openness were positively related to cognitive conflict. While team size was also associated with greater affective conflict, when teams had high levels of mutuality, greater openness led to less affective conflict. The findings have implications for improving strategic decision making through the use of conflict.

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Chatbot breakthrough in the 2020s? An ethical reflection on the trend of automated consultations in health care

Medicine Health Care and Philosophy ◽

10.1007/s11019-021-10049-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jaana Parviainen ◽

Juho Rantala

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Professional Ethics ◽

Large Scale ◽

Epistemic Probability ◽

Ethical Challenges ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Proactive Approach ◽

Client Relationships ◽

Conversational Interface ◽

Task Oriented

AbstractMany experts have emphasised that chatbots are not sufficiently mature to be able to technically diagnose patient conditions or replace the judgements of health professionals. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has significantly increased the utilisation of health-oriented chatbots, for instance, as a conversational interface to answer questions, recommend care options, check symptoms and complete tasks such as booking appointments. In this paper, we take a proactive approach and consider how the emergence of task-oriented chatbots as partially automated consulting systems can influence clinical practices and expert–client relationships. We suggest the need for new approaches in professional ethics as the large-scale deployment of artificial intelligence may revolutionise professional decision-making and client–expert interaction in healthcare organisations. We argue that the implementation of chatbots amplifies the project of rationality and automation in clinical practice and alters traditional decision-making practices based on epistemic probability and prudence. This article contributes to the discussion on the ethical challenges posed by chatbots from the perspective of healthcare professional ethics.

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Investigation of Ego and Task Orientation among International Wrestling Referees

Physical Education of Students ◽

10.15561/20755279.2016.0606 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 49-54

Author(s):

I. Barbas ◽

E. Bebetsos ◽

K. Christos ◽

D. Curby ◽

B. Mirzaei

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Task Orientation ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Specific Questionnaire ◽

Effective Selection ◽

And Performance ◽

High Level ◽

Task Oriented ◽

Active Membership ◽

And Task

Aim: study was to investigate any possible effect(s) of experiences from active membership and participation in task or ego orientations among referees in the sport of wrestling. Material: The sample consisted of 213 international referees from 30 countries (Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Russia, Poland, Hungary, U.S.A, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Egypt, Canada, Georgia, Croatia, Uzbekistan, Norway, Cuba, Belarus, & Tunisia). Their age ranged from 26 to 60 yrs. old ( M =43, SD =8.6). During the procedure, the participants were asked to fill a specific questionnaire, the «Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire» (Duda & Nicholls, 1992). Results: Results showed that the referees from elite wrestling level’ countries (Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, U.S.A., Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, & Cuba) are more task oriented than those from the non-elite wrestling level’ countries. Researchers believe that this occurred because referees from non-elite wrestling level’ countries might have less game-sport experience and more specifically in high level games. At the same time, the Olympic experience referees were more task oriented than the non-Olympic experienced. Conclusion: Referee’s decisions are an important issue in the sport milieu. The investigations in decision-making by referees and factors that affect it are rather scarce and research should focus on such topics. Improvement of decision-making by referees, would lead to safer and better performance. Thus, better understanding of referees’ behavior, through identification and operationalization of the factors affecting it, might lead to more effective selection, training and performance.

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