Controlled and Automatic Retrieval Processes: A New Test of the Independence Assumption

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edger Erdfelder ◽  
Monika Undorf ◽  
Tina-Sarah Auer ◽  
Lutz Cupper
Keyword(s):  
Independence Assumption ◽  
Automatic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Processes

scholarly journals Mild Cognitive Impairments Moderate the Effect of Time on Verbal Fluency Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Demetriou ◽  
Roee Holtzer
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Word Generation ◽  
Transitional State ◽  
Automatic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Incident Dementia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Category Fluency

AbstractObjectives: Mild cognitive impairments (MCI) is a transitional state in aging associated with increased risk of incident dementia. The current study investigated whether MCI status moderated the effect of time on word generation during verbal fluency tasks. Specifically, the objective was to determine whether MCI status had differential effects on initial automatic or latter more effortful retrieval processes of fluency tasks. Methods: Participants were community residing older adults enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study. Of the 408 participants, 353 were normal (age=76.06±6.61; %female=57.8) and 55 were diagnosed with MCI (age=78.62±7.00; %female=52.7). Phonemic and category fluency were each administered for 60 s, but performance was recorded at three consecutive 20-s intervals (0–20 s [T1], 21–40 s [T2], 41–60 s [T3]. Separate linear mixed effects models for each fluency task were used to determine the effects of group, time, and their interaction on word generation. Results: In both fluency tasks, word generation declined as a function of time. Individuals with MCI generated fewer words compared to controls during the first 20 s of phonemic (beta=−1.56; p<.001; d=0.28) and category fluency (beta=−1.85; p<.001; d=0.37). Group by time interactions revealed that individuals with MCI demonstrated attenuated declines in word generation from the first to the second and third time intervals of both phonemic ([T1 vs. T2] beta=2.17, p=.001; d=0.41; [T1 vs. T3]beta=2.28, p=.001; d=0.45) and category ([T1 vs. T2] beta= 2.22, p=.002; d=0.50; [T1 vs. T3]beta=3.16, p<.001; d=0.71) fluency. Conclusions: Early automatic retrieval processes in verbal fluency tasks are compromised in MCI. (JINS, 2017, 23, 44–55)

scholarly journals Neural Signatures of Controlled and Automatic Retrieval Processes in Memory-based Decision-making

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick H. Khader ◽  
Thorsten Pachur ◽  
Lilian A. E. Weber ◽  
Kerstin Jost
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Automatic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Sequential Memory ◽  
Superior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Neural Signatures

Decision-making often requires retrieval from memory. Drawing on the neural ACT-R theory [Anderson, J. R., Fincham, J. M., Qin, Y., & Stocco, A. A central circuit of the mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 136–143, 2008] and other neural models of memory, we delineated the neural signatures of two fundamental retrieval aspects during decision-making: automatic and controlled activation of memory representations. To disentangle these processes, we combined a paradigm developed to examine neural correlates of selective and sequential memory retrieval in decision-making with a manipulation of associative fan (i.e., the decision options were associated with one, two, or three attributes). The results show that both the automatic activation of all attributes associated with a decision option and the controlled sequential retrieval of specific attributes can be traced in material-specific brain areas. Moreover, the two facets of memory retrieval were associated with distinct activation patterns within the frontoparietal network: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was found to reflect increasing retrieval effort during both automatic and controlled activation of attributes. In contrast, the superior parietal cortex only responded to controlled retrieval, arguably reflecting the sequential updating of attribute information in working memory. This dissociation in activation pattern is consistent with ACT-R and constitutes an important step toward a neural model of the retrieval dynamics involved in memory-based decision-making.

Controlled and Automatic Retrieval Processes in Heuristic Memory-Based Decision Making

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick H. Khader ◽  
Thorsten Pachur ◽  
Kerstin Jost ◽  
Lilian A. E. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Automatic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Processes

scholarly journals A-180 A Preliminary Study of Prospective Memory Performance and Medication Adherence Among Young Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 975-975
Author(s):  
Glover T ◽  
Flores E ◽  
Williams L ◽  
Shorter S ◽  
Childers L ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Automatic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Adherence Scale ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Event Based

Abstract Objective Medication adherence is a significant problem concerning the proliferation of many illnesses, and prospective memory—that is, memory to carry out an intended future action—may play a role in whether individuals take their medications (Osterberg & Blaschke, 2005; Zogg, Woods, Sauceda, Wiebe, & Simoni, 2012). Current research on prospective memory and medication adherence suggests that individuals take medication more efficiently when associated with a specific event, rather than when associated with the passage of time (Zogg et al., 2012). The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate the relationship between prospective memory and medication adherence. Method Young adults (N = 16, 18–30 years) who identified as regularly taking prescription medications completed the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) and the Virtual Kitchen Protocol, which includes prospective memory tasks with both event-based and time-based cues. Results Higher scores on event-based cues were associated with better medication adherence among young adults (p = .005). However, performance on time-based cues was not associated with medication adherence. Conclusions Event-based prospective memory cues are associated with higher medication adherence among young adults. Furthermore, event-based prospective memory cues may be more indicative of medication adherence in young adults, when compared to time-based prospective memory cues. Individuals are generally better at event-based cues, particularly because they involve automatic retrieval processes (Zogg et al., 2012). On the other hand, time-based cues require more monitoring and greater time estimation (Zogg et al., 2012). Overall, it is evident that prospective memory is an important contributor to medication adherence among young adults.

An ERP Investigation of Semantic Priming, Repetition Priming, and Negative Priming in Schizophrenic Patients

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wagner ◽  
Lioba Baving ◽  
Patrick Berg ◽  
Rudolf Cohen ◽  
Brigitte Rockstroh
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Positive Priming ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Late Positive Complex ◽  
Automatic Memory

The processing of attended and nonattended stimuli in schizophrenic patients was examined with event-related potentials (ERPs) in a lexical decision task. In positive semantic and repetition priming the N400 amplitude did not differ between a group of 17 medicated schizophrenic patients and a group of 20 matched healthy controls. However, negative priming affected the N400 only in controls. Reaction time effects were dissociated from these ERP effects, with patients showing stronger positive priming than controls but identical negative priming. The semantic processes related to the N400 appear to be intact in schizophrenic patients, but patients seem to incorporate less context information (about the nonattended prime) in their episodic memory traces. A stronger increase of the posterior late positive complex in parallel to the stronger positive priming in schizophrenic patients may reflect relatively stronger automatic memory retrieval processes in patients.

Differentiating retrieval processes that underlie the transfer of testing effects

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Hinze ◽  
Jennifer Wiley ◽  
James W. Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Testing Effects ◽  
Retrieval Processes
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