The role of eye fixations in amplification and concentration effects during MOT

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Doran ◽  
James E. Hoffman ◽  
Brian J. Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Effects ◽  
Eye Fixations

Affective significance enhances covert attention: Roles of anxiety and word familiarity

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1669-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Calvo ◽  
Michael W. Eysenck
Keyword(s):  
Covert Attention ◽  
Probe Word ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Word Familiarity

To investigate the processing of emotional words by covert attention, threat-related, positive, and neutral word primes were presented parafoveally (2.2° away from fixation) for 150 ms, under gaze-contingent foveal masking, to prevent eye fixations. The primes were followed by a probe word in a lexical-decision task. In Experiment 1, results showed a parafoveal threat–anxiety superiority: Parafoveal prime threat words facilitated responses to probe threat words for high-anxiety individuals, in comparison with neutral and positive words, and relative to low-anxiety individuals. This reveals an advantage in threat processing by covert attention, without differences in overt attention. However, anxiety was also associated with greater familiarity with threat words, and the parafoveal priming effects were significantly reduced when familiarity was covaried out. To further examine the role of word knowledge, in Experiment 2, vocabulary and word familiarity were equated for low- and high-anxiety groups. In these conditions, the parafoveal threat–anxiety advantage disappeared. This suggests that the enhanced covert-attention effect depends on familiarity with words.

scholarly journals Cultural background modulates how we look at other persons’ gaze

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Senju ◽  
Angélina Vernetti ◽  
Yukiko Kikuchi ◽  
Hironori Akechi ◽  
Toshikazu Hasegawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
Gaze Aversion ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Face Scanning

The current study investigated the role of cultural norms on the development of face-scanning. British and Japanese adults’ eye movements were recorded while they observed avatar faces moving their mouth, and then their eyes toward or away from the participants. British participants fixated more on the mouth, which contrasts with Japanese participants fixating mainly on the eyes. Moreover, eye fixations of British participants were less affected by the gaze shift of the avatar than Japanese participants, who shifted their fixation to the corresponding direction of the avatar’s gaze. Results are consistent with the Western cultural norms that value the maintenance of eye contact, and the Eastern cultural norms that require flexible use of eye contact and gaze aversion.

scholarly journals Meaning and Attentional Guidance in Scenes: A Review of the Meaning Map Approach

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Henderson ◽  
Taylor R. Hayes ◽  
Candace E. Peacock ◽  
Gwendolyn Rehrig
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Attentional Guidance ◽  
Saliency Maps ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Image Saliency ◽  
Scene Description ◽  
Traditional Image

Perception of a complex visual scene requires that important regions be prioritized and attentionally selected for processing. What is the basis for this selection? Although much research has focused on image salience as an important factor guiding attention, relatively little work has focused on semantic salience. To address this imbalance, we have recently developed a new method for measuring, representing, and evaluating the role of meaning in scenes. In this method, the spatial distribution of semantic features in a scene is represented as a meaning map. Meaning maps are generated from crowd-sourced responses given by naïve subjects who rate the meaningfulness of a large number of scene patches drawn from each scene. Meaning maps are coded in the same format as traditional image saliency maps, and therefore both types of maps can be directly evaluated against each other and against maps of the spatial distribution of attention derived from viewers’ eye fixations. In this review we describe our work focusing on comparing the influences of meaning and image salience on attentional guidance in real-world scenes across a variety of viewing tasks that we have investigated, including memorization, aesthetic judgment, scene description, and saliency search and judgment. Overall, we have found that both meaning and salience predict the spatial distribution of attention in a scene, but that when the correlation between meaning and salience is statistically controlled, only meaning uniquely accounts for variance in attention.

The relationship between intracellular calcium levels and limb bud chondrogenesis in vitro

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
J.A. Bee ◽  
R. Jeffries
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Concentration Effects ◽  
Cartilage Differentiation ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plateau Level

Under standard culture conditions, chondrogenic expression by stage-21 embryonic chick limb bud mesenchyme is dependent upon high cell plating densities. Alternatively, when cultured in suspension aggregating limb bud cells differentiate exclusively as cartilage. We have previously demonstrated that the aggregation of prechondrogenic limb bud cells is specifically mediated by a Ca2+ -dependent mechanism. In the present paper, we examine the involvement of calcium cations in chondrogenic expression in vitro. During cartilage differentiation, we demonstrate that limb bud cells elevate their intracellular Ca2+ levels to achieve a conserved plateau level. This increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels does not occur in sparse cell cultures, which also fail to demonstrate cartilage differentiation. Although elevation of extracellular Ca2+ concentration effects precocious chondrogenesis, ultimately this is substantially lower than in control cultures. In contrast, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels by the addition of 0á1 μm-A23187 readily stimulates precocious and extensive cartilage differentiation. 0á1μm-A23187 initially elevates intracellular Ca2+ levels to that required for cartilage differentiation but this then continues to increase concomitant with a reduction in cartilage nodule size. 10μm-retinoic acid completely inhibits chondrogenesis in vitro and elevates intracellular Ca2+ to particularly high levels. Our data indicate the central role of controlled intracellular Ca2+ levels to normal chondrogenic expression. Deviation from this level by cells that either fail to achieve or that exceed it inhibits subsequent cartilage development, and can cause a loss of phenotypic expression by differentiated cartilage.

Non-uniform nanoparticle concentration effects on moving plate boundary layer

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1222-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mehmood ◽  
M. Usman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Nanoparticle Concentration ◽  
Concentration Effects ◽  
Moving Plate ◽  
Layer Flow

The inclusion of small nano-sized particles in a pure fluid changes the material properties of the resulting mixture, called a nanofluid, significantly. To understand the role of material particles on the convection process one needs an efficient modeling of the nanofluid. The homogeneous modeling is observed to underpredict the rate of heat transfer. This fact motivates the utilization of non-homogeneous modeling. In this study we considered the classical Sakiadis moving plate boundary layer flow of a nanofluid. Non-homogeneous concentration, which is a consequence of convective transport of nanoparticles within the boundary layer, has been utilized to calculate the heat transfer enhancement. Effects of different physical parameters have been investigated on the expedition of heat transfer phenomena. It is noted that significant increase in the rate of heat transfer is observed when the nanoparticle concentration is non-uniform across the boundary layer.

The role of eye fixations in concentration and amplification effects during multiple object tracking

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Doran ◽  
James E. Hoffman ◽  
Brian J. Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Object Tracking ◽  
Multiple Object Tracking ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Multiple Object

scholarly journals Carpet or cárcel: the effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Brick
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Lexical Competition ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Spanish Cohort

Lexical access was examined in English-Spanish bilinguals by monitoring eye fixations on target and lexical competitors as participants followed spoken instructions in English to click on one of the objects presented on a computer (e.g., ‘Click on the beans’). Within-language lexical competitors had a phoneme onset in English that was shared with the target (e.g., ‘beetle’). Between-language lexical competitors had a phoneme onset in Spanish that was shared with the target (‘bigote’, ‘mustache’ in English). Participant groups varied in their age-of-acquisition of English and Spanish, and were examined in one of three language modes (Grosjean, 1998, 2001). A strong within- language (English) lexical competition (or cohort effect) was modulated by language mode and age of second language acquisition. A weaker between-language (Spanish) cohort effect was influenced primarily by the age-of-acquisition of Spanish. These results highlight the role of age-of- acquisition and mode in language processing. They are discussed in comparison to previous studies addressing the role of these two variables and in terms of existing models of bilingual word recognition.Canseco-Gonzalez, E., Brehm, L., Brick, C., Brown-Schmidt, S., Fischer, K., & Wagner, K. (2010). Carpet or cárcel: the effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(5), 669-705. doi.org/10.1080/01690960903474912

Strain concentration effects in large structures

1965 ◽  
Vol 285 (1400) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Structures ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Crack Arrest ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Concentration Effects ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
Inclusion Distribution ◽  
Large Sections

When a large structure is subject to a temperature lower than the crack-arrest temperature of the particular steel from which it is built, the problem of fracture initiation at stress concentrations becomes of paramount importance. On the basis of the attainment of a critical local displacement as the criterion for fracture initiation, a theoretical analysis has been undertaken on some aspects of the fracture of large sections. In particular a simple calculation has been made for the fracture stress of a large plate containing a notch, and it has been shown that the results are identical for small stresses with those given by the fracture mechanics approach, which was developed from energetic considerations. If a steel is very brittle, then inclusions or small defects may act as the cracks from which final fracture is initiated; consideration has been given to the role of inclusion distribution on the behaviour of steel structures.

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