Anxiety-reduction as reinforcement in maladaptive behavior: evidence in stutterers' representations of the moment of difficulty.

This article discusses the interdependence of basic emotional states and early maladaptive schemes (EMS) of drug addicts. The purpose of the research is to study the interdependencies of basic emotional states with EMS of drug addicts. In accordance with the set purpose and objectives of the study, a research sample was formed. On the basis of informed consent in compliance with the principles of bioethics and deontology during 2019-2020, a psychodiagnostic study of 102 male patients with drug addiction of the opioid group was conducted on the basis of the rehabilitation center "Vertical", aged 18-26 years. For diagnostics of early maladaptive schemes the technique "Diagnosis of early maladaptive schemes" (YSQ - S3R) in adaptation of P. M. Kasyanik, E. V. Romanova was used. This technique is a questionnaire based on a presentation by J. Young (Handbook of Schema Therapy, 2015) on early maladaptation scheme (EMS). This term refers to a stable set of reactions, ideas, emotions that formed in early childhood under the influence of any adverse factors in the immediate environment. EMS are stable structures that affect the real perception of the world and the management of their own activities. J. Young identified 18 EMS, which are divided into five large groups (domains), which are interconnected to meet different basic needs: "lack of communication and rejection", "impaired autonomy and efficiency", "violation borders"; "focus on others", "hypervigilance and restraint". To diagnose the basic emotional states, the method "Scale of differential emotions" was used. K. Izard aimed at diagnosing the dominant emotional state using the scale of significance of emotions. The theory of differential emotions got its name through the centering on individual emotions and are central to a full life, namely the motivational sphere, social communication, cognition and action. Correlation analysis of the data was performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. It has been established that the current relationship between basic emotional states and EMS directly or indirectly supports the formation and development of psychological problems and behavioral disorders, namely drug addiction. Non-adaptive behavior occurs in response to EMS activation, which is dependent on basic emotional states, which in turn were key at the time of EMS formation. At the time of activation of EMS for drug addicts is characterized by a high level of negative feelings, such as severe resentment, anxiety, distress or guilt. Drug addicts, not wanting to be in the moment of EMS activation, usually use maladaptive behavior, which is normal for them and acts as a "mask" to escape from the painful experience and, above all, to avoid EMS activation. Experiencing negative emotional states "grief", "disgust", "fear", "anger", "contempt", "shame", creating correlations activate and reinforce the existing maladaptive schemes of drug addicts, which creates a situation of impossibility of desired changes, satisfaction own needs, achievement of goals and formation of socially acceptable values. The current life situation is experienced as inevitable, hopeless, they feel helpless, desperate and intolerant. The current relationship of a positive emotional state of "curiosity" with the existing EMS can weaken the previously formed maladaptive patterns, eliminating feelings of inferiority and marginality, creating conditions for resocialization and readaptation of drug addicts.

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The High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100051591 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 316-317

Author(s):

A. V. Crewe

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

High Resolution ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Ultra High Vacuum ◽

Resolving Power ◽

Imaging Characteristics ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

The Moment

The high resolution STEM is now a fact of life. I think that we have, in the last few years, demonstrated that this instrument is capable of the same resolving power as a CEM but is sufficiently different in its imaging characteristics to offer some real advantages.It seems possible to prove in a quite general way that only a field emission source can give adequate intensity for the highest resolution^ and at the moment this means operating at ultra high vacuum levels. Our experience, however, is that neither the source nor the vacuum are difficult to manage and indeed are simpler than many other systems and substantially trouble-free.

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Pinocytotic-Like Forms of Mitochondria From Rat Anterior Pituitary

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100100470 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 146-147

Author(s):

Burton B. Silver

Keyword(s):

Electron Micrographs ◽

Conformational Changes ◽

Anterior Pituitary ◽

Dynamic State ◽

Surrounding Cell ◽

The Matrix ◽

The Moment ◽

Cell Medium ◽

Sectioned Tissue ◽

State Of Activity

Sectioned tissue rarely indicates evidence of what is probably a highly dynamic state of activity in mitochondria which have been reported to undergo a variety of movements such as streaming, divisions and coalescence. Recently, mitochondria from the rat anterior pituitary have been fixed in a variety of configurations which suggest that conformational changes were occurring at the moment of fixation. Pinocytotic-like vacuoles which may be taking in or expelling materials from the surrounding cell medium, appear to be forming in some of the mitochondria. In some cases, pores extend into the matrix of the mitochondria. In other forms, the remains of what seems to be pinched off vacuoles are evident in the mitochondrial interior. Dense materials, resembling secretory droplets, appear at the junction of the pores and the cytoplasm. The droplets are similar to the secretory materials commonly identified in electron micrographs of the anterior pituitary.

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Advances in Stem Instrumentation for Biology

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100180562 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 362-363

Author(s):

J. S. Wall

Keyword(s):

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Carbon Films ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Material Deposition ◽

Active User ◽

Percent Improvement ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

The Moment ◽

Film Substrate ◽

High Level

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.

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Traumatic Brain Injury: A Trauma Surgeon's Perspective

Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders ◽

10.1044/nnsld22.3.82 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 82-89

Author(s):

Oscar D. Guillamondegui

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Trauma Team ◽

The United States ◽

Long Term Outcomes ◽

Term Care ◽

Injured Brain ◽

The Moment

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious epidemic in the United States. It affects patients of all ages, race, and socioeconomic status (SES). The current care of these patients typically manifests after sequelae have been identified after discharge from the hospital, long after the inciting event. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of identification and management of the TBI patient from the moment of injury through long-term care as a multidisciplinary approach. By promoting an awareness of the issues that develop around the acutely injured brain and linking them to long-term outcomes, the trauma team can initiate care early to alter the effect on the patient, family, and community. Hopefully, by describing the care afforded at a trauma center and by a multidisciplinary team, we can bring a better understanding to the armamentarium of methods utilized to treat the difficult population of TBI patients.

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