Following the introduction of the DSM-5 Section III Alternative Model of Personality Disorder (AMPD), much of the empirical attention has been directed towards testing the performance of Criterion B (i.e., pathological traits). Much more recently, with the development of assessment tools related to Criterion A (i.e., personality impairment), a burgeoning literature base is forming for it as well. A closer look at the Criterion A component, however, reveals disagreements around its structure, discriminant validity, ability to distinguish between personality-based and non-personality-based forms of psychopathology, overlap between the two criteria, and incremental validity. The goal of the current study (N = 365 undergraduates) was to test Criterion A in relation to both pathological personality traits, as specified in the DSM-5, as well as general personality traits as suggested might be more appropriate by some scholars. The results suggest that impairment domains overlap substantially with pathological and general traits, and these traits account for considerable variance in impairment domains. Most importantly, the findings suggest that general and pathological traits functioned in nearly identical ways, as evidenced by the similar relations that they evinced with traditional DSM-5 PD constructs. In line with previous work, the present findings demonstrate limited discriminant validity among impairment domains, and an inability to distinguish between Axis I and II symptoms. Further research on the AMPD is needed to test the necessity and sufficiency of its constituent components.
